General

Question 1

DiGeorge Syndrome is ______ deletion

Answer 1

22q11.2

Question 2

In DiGeorge syndrome, there is an absence of ______ (organs) due to failure of development of ______.

Answer 2

Thymus and parathyroid glands; failure in development of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch

Question 3

Immunity in DiGeorge Syndrome

Answer 3

Absence of thymus, no T cells, absence of Type IV hypersensitivity

Question 4

Appearance in DiGeorge Syndrome

Answer 4

Low set ears, hypertelorism (far apart eyes), micrognathia (small/absent jaw), cleft palate, smooth philtrum

Question 5

Arachidonic acid comes from ______ and is cleaved using ______ enzyme

Answer 5

The phospholipid membrane; phospholipase A2

Question 6

______ enzyme cleaves ______ to make leukotrienes, which are important in ______ (disease)

Answer 6

Lipooxygenase (LOX); arachidonic acid; asthma

Question 7

______ enzyme acts on ______ to make prostaglandins

Answer 7

Cyclooxygenase 1 & 2; arachidonic acid

Question 8

Prostacyclins (PGI2) are made in ______ cells from ______ with ______ (enzyme). They function to ______ and ______

Answer 8

Endothelial; arachidonic acid; COX-2; vasodilation and platelet gathering inhibitors (PGI)

Question 9

Thromboxane (TXA) is made in ______ from ______ with enzyme ______. They function to ______.

Answer 9

Platelets; arachidonic acid; COX-1; increase platelet aggregation

Question 10

Prostaglandins in the gut are made from ______ with enzyme ______. They function to ______ and ______

Answer 10

Arachidonic acid; COX-1; promote bicarb and mucous secretion and inhibit acid secretion

Question 11

The COX-1 enzyme can convert arachidonic acid to ______ or ______

Answer 11

Prostaglandins in the gut; thromboxane in platelets

Question 12

How do NSAIDS function? Side effects and why?

Answer 12

NSAIDS inhibit COX (non-selectively) and decrease synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Consequently, COX-1 in the gut gets inhibited which makes prostaglandins to regulate the acidity in the stomach. Increase risk of ulcers.

Question 13

Celecoxib functionality and adverse effects

Answer 13

Selective COX-2 inhibitor (prostaglandins that produce pain) and doesn’t affect COX-1 (gut prostaglandins). But COX-2 also makes prostacyclins in endothelial cells which are responsible for decreasing platelet aggregation. The non-inhibited COX-1 in platelets can make Thromboxane. This will promote thrombosis.

Question 14

Function of Prostaglandin E

Answer 14

Pain, fEver

Also kEEps ductus arteriosis open in congenital heart malformations

Question 15

Function of aspirin

Answer 15

NSAID. Inhibits COX (non-selectively) and decreases production of thromboxane which is necessary for platelet aggregation

Arachidonic acid uses COX-1 to make TXA