Cardiovascular Flashcards
Cystic hygromas are ______ caused by ______ and are commonly found in _____ (area of the body). If seen in a neonate, it is suggestive of ______ (disease).
Fluid filled sacs below the skin; lymphatic malformation resulting in blocked lymphatic drainage; on the neck; Turner’s Syndrome. Causes the webbed neck feature
Cardiac conditions associated with Turner’s Syndrome and findings
Coarctation of the aorta (reduced lower extremity pulses); bicuspid aortic valve stenosis
Turner’s syndrome is associated with ______ (pre or post ductal) aortic coarctation with patent PDA. This results in ______
pre-ductal; pressures are lower in the aorta after the coarctation, so with patent PDA, blood from the venous system will flow into the aorta leading to lower-body cyanosis.
Broad-shield chest (widely spaced nipples); gonadal dysgenesis; high arched palate and short stature are associated with ______
Turner’s Syndrome
Rib notching seen on ______ is associated with ______ (disease) and caused by ______
X-ray; Turner’s Syndrome; collaterals due to aortic coarctation
Hyaline arteriosclerosis vs hyperplastic arteriosclerosis (appearance, associated conditions)
Hyaline is smooth protein deposits and occurs in essential hypertension and diabetes; hyperplastic is associated with malignant hypertension >220/120 and has “onion skinning” due to concentric laminated thickening and proliferation of SM
Mockenberg arteriosclerosis is caused by ______ and patients typically present ______. X-ray shows ______ appearance.
calcification of lamina and media; asymptomatically because it does not cause occlusion. “Pipestem”
What should be considered as hypertensive medication in those suffering from asthma or other lung problems?
Choose a B1 selective antagonist. B2 allows for smooth muscle relaxation so antagonizing it can constrict bronchial tone.
Which drugs are B1 selective vs B2 selective? What are exceptions?
Generally, -olol starting with A-M are B1 selective and N-Z are B2 selective. Labetolol is an exception as it is non-selective to beta receptors and is an alpha-1 antagonist
______ is when the LV bulges out during systole and in during diastole. It is indicative of ______
Paradoxical movement; ischemic damage (MI)
The anteroseptal heart is supplied by ______ and EKG would show elevation in ______
Left anterior descending; V1, V2
The anteroapical heart is supplied by ______ and EKG would show elevation in ______
Distal left anterior descending; V3-V4
The lateral heart is supplied by ______ and EKG would show elevation in ______
LAD or left circumflex; V5-V6, AVL, LI
The inferior heart is supplied by ______ and EKG would show an elevation in ______
Right Coronary artery; II, III, AVF
The posterior heart is supplied by ______ and EKG would show ______
posterior descending artery; ST depression in V1-V3 and Tall R waves
The ______ nerve carries afferent information from the carotid sinus to the _____ (part of brain). It is activated under ______. The result is ______.
Glossopharyngeal; medulla; increases in pressure; increased parasympathetic activity (slowing of the heart).
The ______ nerve carries afferent information from the aortic arch baroreceptors to the ______ (part of brain).
vagus nerve; medulla
Focal small areas of subendocardial fibrosis is a result of
stable angine pectoris; subendocardium is deepest layer and most likely to suffer from ischemia. In angina, there are short episodes of decreased blood flow to the heart.
Circumferential, diffuse subendocardial infarction results from ______
long standing hypotension that affects inner layer of heart (contrast with angina which would be focal areas of subendocardial fibrosis)
There would be an increase in ______ concentration in an arteriovenous fistula. This can result in ______ surrounding tissue because ______
Oxygen; necrosis; oxygenated blood is entering venous system without passing through capillaries.
Atypical presentation of ischemic heart disease in women
Elevated AST (found in heart and liver) without elevations in ALT or other liver markers. Epigastric pain.
Congestive heart failure results in ______ liver appearance which is caused by _____
nutmeg, venous congestion
Endocarditis due to drug use typically results from ______ (bacteria) and infects ______ (valve)
S. aureus; tricuspid
Libman-Sachs endocarditis is associated with ______(disease) and it has unique vegetations in that ______
SLE; occur on both sides of valves
Calculating resistance in a parallel vs series
Parallel (1/R+1/R = 1/Rt) vs series (R1+R2=Rt)
What are fatty streaks?
Lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells) lining the arteries
How can atherosclerosis lead to MI
Fatty streak –> fibrous clot –> rupture of clot –> thromboembolus –> occlusion
In parallel circuit, loss of one parallel circuit leads to _____ total peripheral resistance
increase
Endocardial cushions are derived from ______
Neural crest cells
Failure of ______ results in ASD
endocardial cushion fusions
______ typically presents 4-6 weeks after MI. This is a ______ condition that results in ______.
Dressler’s syndrome; autoimmune mediated pericarditis; fibrinous pericarditis
Fever, positional chest pain ______ (time) after MI typically indicates ______ (syndrome)
4-6 weeks; Dressler’s
______ shock can be secondary to acute MI. What is true of HR, SV, EF, and SVR?
Cardiogenic; increased HR (from baroreceptors sensing hypotension), low SV and EF due to pump failure (and less filling time), and increased SVR from baroreceptor response.
Sudden cardiac death following MI is most likely caused by ______
Arrhythmia
Pericarditis can be a complication post-MI at two different times. When and what are the causes?
1-3 days after MI - inflammation due to ischemia
4-6 weeks after MI - Dressler’s Syndrome autoimmune response
Friction rub is caused by _____ and signifies ______
Rubbing together and visceral and parietal peritoneum due to inflammation; pericarditis
Sepsis can lead to pulmonary edema by causing ______
increase in microvascular permeability. Due to bacterial release of exotoxins
Accumulation of fluid in the ______ results in cardiac tamponade. This is the space between ______ (layers). Also name layers of the heart
pericardial space. visceral pericardium and parietal paricardium. The heart itself if endocardium, myocardium and epicardium (visceral pericardium). Then it is the pericardial space. The outer border of the space is parietal pericardium which is attached to the outermost fibrous pericardium (no space).
Cholesterol levels of 600 indicate (heterozygous/homozygous) hypercholesterolemia. If this individual has a child with someone with no history of hypercholesterolemia, what happens to children?
Homozygous; the individual is AD (AA) and has child with partner (aa). 100% of his children will be heterozygotes and have the condition (Aa). They won’t be as severe (300-400 LDL level).
