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WSET Diploma, Module 1 > Heat > Flashcards

Heat Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main sources of both heat and sunlight?

A

Solar radiation

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2
Q

What temperature ensures the dormancy of the vine?

A

Cold temps (under 10C/50F)

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3
Q

What temperature can cause winter freeze and vine damage?

A

Extremely cold (around -20C/-4F)

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4
Q

What temps stimulate budburst? What is needed for successful and uniform budburst?

A
  • temps above 10C
  • significant rise in temperatures at this time
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5
Q

What is the optimum temperature range for photosynthesis?

A

18-33C (64-91F)

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6
Q

What temperatures promote successful, uniform ripening?

A

Above 17C/63F

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6
Q

What temperatures promote successful, uniform flowering?

A

Above 17C/63F

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7
Q

What temperature range promotes successful, uniform fruit set?

A

26-32C/79-90F

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7
Q

How do temperatures during flowering and fruit set affect the next growing season?

A

Warm temps promote increased bud fruitfulness (above 25C/77F is best) in the next year, and therefore affects yields in the next growing season

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8
Q

Why is sugar accumulation in the grapes generally faster at warm temperatures?

A
  • warm temperatures mean optimum rates of photosynthesis producing sugars
  • increased grape transpiration promotes the movement of sugar into the grape
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9
Q

What temps can lead to a rapid loss of acidity in the final month of ripening?

A

Mean temps above 21C (70F)

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10
Q

What temps can reduce acid loss to the point that acidity levels in the must are too high?

A

Mean temps below 15 C (59F)

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11
Q

Generally, what aroma/flavors are associated with grapes grown in warmer climates? Cooler climates?

A
  • warmer climates: riper aromas/flavors
  • cooler climates: hinder the breakdown of methoxypyrazines, which can give herbaceous aromas
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12
Q

In black grapes, anthocyanin synthesis (and therefore the development of color) is optimum at what temperature range?

A

15-25C (59-77F)

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13
Q

What can happen to the vine during extreme heat (especially when paired with dry conditions)? Why?

A
  • photosynthesis can slow or drop
  • slows vine growth and grape ripening

Why: the enzymes that catalyze photosynthesis are heat-sensitive

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14
Q

Do late-ripening varieties require a greater or lesser amount of heat throughout the growing season to ripen sufficiently?

A

Greater

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15
Q

Do early-ripening varieties require a greater or lesser amount of heat throughout the growing season to ripen sufficiently?

A

Less heat in total, and will ripen very early in warm climates

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16
Q

By how much does temperature fall over every 100m increase in altitude?

A

Temps fall by approximately 0.6C (1.1F)

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What is diurnal range?

A

The average difference between day and night temps

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19
Q

How does altitude affect diurnal range? Why?

A

Higher altitude=higher diurnal range

  • ground absorbs energy from solar radiation during the day, releases energy into the atmosphere during the night
  • lower altitude = the air in the atmosphere (particularly water vapor) absorbs some of this energy, meaning some heat is retained at night
  • high altitude = air is thinner and holds less moisture and therefore heat rapidly escapes, leading to relatively cool night-time temps
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20
Q

How can a large body of water impact nearby vineyards during the day?

A

During the day, the water and the air above a body of water remains relatively cool, and lowers the average temp in the local area

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21
Q

How can a large body of water impact nearby vineyards overnight?

A

The water retains the warmth gained during the day, whereas, without solar radiation, the land loses heat relatively quickly. The warmth of the body of water keeps the local area warmer.

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22
Q

Name a cool climate region that significantly benefits from large bodies of water. Describe why.

A
  • Finger Lakes in NY: close proximity to the lakes reduces the severity of winter freeze
  • the movement of air also helps to protect against spring frosts that could reduce yields
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23
Q

Name a warm climate region that significantly benefits from large bodies of water. Describe why.

A
  • Carneros, CA, proximity to the San Pablo Bay
  • early-ripening varieties Chardonnay and Pinot Noir can be grown here (for still and sparkling), benefiting from cooling breezes
24
Q

How can ocean currents affect temperatures?

A

Depends on the current, some are warm, some are cool

25
Q

Name a warming ocean current and a region that it affects.

A
  • Gulf Stream (flows from the Gulf of Mexico), warms Margaux in Bordeaux
26
Q

Name a cooling ocean current and a region that it affects.

A
  • California current, cools Willamette Valley in OR
27
Q

Name 2 ways cool climate vineyards benefit from close proximity to large bodies of water

A
  1. water retains the warmth during the day, keeps surrounding area warmer
  2. radiation reflected from the water surface can help where there is not enough sunshine
28
Q

What is El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)? Name its 2 opposite phases.

A
  • a climatic cycle in the Pacific Ocean that has a significant effect on weather patterns
  • it has two opposite phases, El Nino and La Nina
29
Q

How does El Nino start? What does it bring?

A

El Nino starts when warm water in the western Pacific Ocean moves eastwards along the Equator towards the Caribbean.

Brings:

  • high levels of rainfall and risk of hurricanes in South America and California
  • warmer than average temps and drier conditions in the PNW (WA and OR)
  • warmer temps and drought conditions in Australia
30
Q

How frequently does El Nino occur?

A
  • once every 3-7 years, extreme El Nino events being rarer
  • more frequent as a part of climate change
31
Q

What starts La Nina? What does it bring?

A

La Nina is caused when the eastern Pacific Ocean is cooler than average

Brings:

  • cooler, wetter conditions in the PNW and Australia
  • warmer, drier conditions in CA and South America
32
Q

Can winds have a cooling or warming influence, or both?

A

BOTH

33
Q

Would areas near a body of water experience cooler or warmer breezes during the day? How does this influence the area’s diurnal range?

A
  • cooler
  • moderates the diurnal range
34
Q

How can valleys enhance the effects of wind? Give an example.

A
  • valleys that face the coast or other areas of low land (e.g. Petaluma Gap in CA) can mean that winds are felt even relatively far inland
  • valleys can also lead to stronger winds as the moving air is funnelled
35
Q

What effect would winds that have travelled over hot land masses have on a vineyard? Give an example.

A
  • these winds can bring warm air that heats the vineyard area
  • the Zonda in Mendoza
36
Q

What effect do winds and breezes have on the development of fungal diseases?

A
  • reduce the occurrence of humid, stagnant air in the vine canopy, that encourages the development of fungal diseases
37
Q

What are some possible downfalls to wind?

A
  • increase evapotranspiration rates in the vine (vine needs more water, can lead to water stress)
  • damage to vines and trellising (lower yields and higher equipment and labor costs)
38
Q

How can a wine grower protect against wind damage? What are the cons of each method?

A
  • rows of trees can be planted at the edges of vineyards to act as windbreaks; however, care must be taken, as they can compete with the nearest vines for water and nutrients
  • fences can also be used, but are less aesthetic and require maintenance
39
Q

What types of soils warm up more quickly in the spring?

A

Soils that drain freely, for example sandy or stony soils

40
Q

Why is a rising soil temperature beneficial during the springtime?

A
  • encourages the breakdown of starch in the roots, which stimulates budburst and shoot growth
  • encourages root growth, which means the vine can absorb more water and nutrients
41
Q

What effects do light-colored soils have on the vines?

A
  • light colored soils reflect some energy from solar radiation
  • extra light energy into the lower parts of the canopy that may receive less sunlight from above can be beneficial to increase photosynthesis and grape ripening in cool and cloudy climates or where late-ripening grapes are used
42
Q

In what climates might light-colored soils be beneficial? Harmful?

A

Beneficial: cool/cloudy climates (extra light energy)

Harmful: warm (further increase warm temps)

43
Q

Name an area with a light-colored soil

A

Rich in chalk (e.g. Sancerre and Champagne)

44
Q

Name an area with a dark-colored soil

A

From volcanic origin (e.g. Etna)

45
Q

In what climates might dark-colored soils be beneficial?

A

Cool climates (extra development during the night)

46
Q

What is the benefit of stony soils?

A
  • especially if the underlying soil is slightly damp, stony soils are very effective at absorbing heat and releasing it at night
  • stone and water are good conductors compared to air
47
Q

How does mist form?

A
  • mists are formed by tiny drops of water collecting in the air just above an area of ground or water
  • they are usually formed when warm air is rapidly cooler, causing water vapor in the air to condense
48
Q

What is fog?

A

dense mist

49
Q

When is the most common time of day for mist to form?

A

Morning

50
Q

Name 4 regions where morning mist is common

A
  1. Sonoma
  2. Napa
  3. Leyda Valley
  4. Sauternes
51
Q

What effects do mist and fog have on the vine?

A
  • limit sunlight (reduce photosynthesis)
  • lower temps
  • slow sugar accumulation
  • slow acid degredation
  • increase humidity (fungal diseases)
  • increase noble rot
52
Q

In what climatic condition can mist and fog be beneficial? For what types of grape varieties?

A
  • warmer regions
  • early ripening grape varieties
53
Q

Which climate has a higher diurnal range? What altitudes have a higher diurnal range?

A
  • continental climates
  • higher altitudes
54
Q

What types of regions have a lower diurnal range?

A
  • close proximity to a body of water
  • lower altitudes
55
Q

In what climates is a large diurnal range thought to be beneficial? Name 2 regions.

A
  • warm/hot climates
  • cooler nights can slow the respiration of malic acid and be beneficial for the formation of anthocyanins (e.g. Mendoza, Ribera del Duero)
56
Q

In what climates is a low diurnal range thought to be beneficial? Name 2 regions.

A
  • cool/moderate climates
  • nighttime temps still allow for ripening (e.g. Mornington Peninsula or Mosel)
57
Q

What effect do night-time temps have on methoxypyrazines? On rotundone?

A
  • warmer night temps = greater breakdown of methoxypyrazines (important in cool climates)
  • cooler night temps = greater retention of other compounds, such as rotundone
58
Q

Give and example where cold night time temps (e.g. under 15C/59F) seem to be beneficial in cool climates

A
  • many of the top sites in the Wachau, Austria, see relatively cool days and cold nights

WSET Diploma, Module 1 (70 decks)

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