Heart Failure Flashcards
What may cause heart failure?
- Coronary artery disease
- Valvular heart disease
- Arrhythmias
- Cardiomyopathies
Name some causes of cardiac myopathy
- Inherited - dilated cardiomayopathy
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Alcohol
- Drugs - chemo agents
- Pregnancy
- Pericardial effusions
Right heart failue will cause congestion ____________
Systemically
Left heart failure will cause congestion in the ________
Lungs
Pulmonary oedema will lead to what?
Orthopnoea
Paroxysmal dyspnoea
Chronic right heart failure may lead to what?
- Hepatomegaly
- Ascities
- GI distress
What is PND, and what causes it specifically?
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
Left heart failure
Pulmonary oedema is associated with which type of sputum?
A cough with frothy sputum
What is orthopnoea and what sided heart failure is associated?
Breathlessness when lying flat
Left sided heart failure
Why does left sided heart failure often present with cyanosis?
Pulmonary oedema is often present which impairs gas exchange meaning oxygen cannot enter as easily into the bloodstream
Whta are signs of right sided heart failure?
- Elevated JVP
- 3rd heart sound - early systole caused by blood flowing quickly into a failing heart
- Murmur
- Peripheral oedema
- Hepatomegaly
- Ascities
- Tachycardia
In relation to the different times during a heart cycle that heart failure can manifest, what are the two heart failure classifications?
Systolic - the heart fails to pump sufficiently
Diatolic - the heart fails to relax sufficiently - often as a result of hypertension
What are the two types of chronic heart failure?
- Compensated - stable - patient appears well and in control
- Decompensated - unstable
Blood pressure is often very ____ in patients with decompensated heart failure
Low
What investigations should be taken for suspected heart failure?
- FBC
- U+Es
- LFTs
- Lipids
- Thyroid function
- BNP - B-natriuretic peptide (not in Tayside)