Anatomy - Cardiovascular Theory Flashcards
Which nerev sits anterior to the hilum of the lung?
Phrenic
(Phrenic in front)
Which nerve sits posterior to the hilum of the lung?
Vagus nerve
Where do the phrenic nerve lie in relation to the pericardium?
To the lateral borders
Which two main layers is the pericardium split?
- Fibrous
- Serous
The serous pericardium is subdivided into which two parts?
- Visceral - attaches directly to the heart
- Parietal
The visceral serous pericardium is known by which other name?
Epicardium
Increased pericardial fluid can cause which condition?
Cardiac tamponade
What is it called if blood is in the pericardial space?
Haemopericardium
What is a pericardiocentesis?
The process to remove fluid from the pericardial cavity
The needle is inserted at the infrasteral angle and directed posteriorly
What is the space called posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Transverse pericardial sinus
What are the three heart surfaces?
- Anterior (sternocostal)
- Base (posterior) - left atrium
- Inferior (diaphragmatic)
What are the 4 heart borders?
- Right
- Left
- Inferior - lies on diaphragm
- Superior - great vessels
Where is the apex beat normally palpated?
5th intercostal space - mid-clavicular line
The heart is present in the ________ medistinum
Middle
What are the heart auricles?
Extensions of the atria
Where does the right coronary artery run?
The right atrial ventricular groove
Where does the left coronary artery run?
Anterior interventricular groove - between the two ventricles
The posterior interventricular artery is a branch of which coronary artery?
Right
Which two coronary vessels lie in the posterior interventricular groove?
- Posterior interventricular artery
- Posterior interventricular vein
Which coronary vessel collects deoxygenated blood and drians directly into the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
The left coronary artery is often known by which other name?
Anterior interventicular artery
What are the frst branches to come off of the aorta?
Coronary arteries
There is an anstomosis between left and right coronary arteries
True or False?
True
The right coronary artery splits into which two main arteries?
- Right marginal artery
- Posterior interventricular artery
The left coronary artery splits into which two main arteries?
- Left anterior descending artery
- Circumflex artery
Name the main branch off of the circumflex artery
Left marginal artery
Name the main branch off of the left anterior descending artery
Lateral (diagonal) branch
What are the two parts to the septum?
- Interatrial septum - located at the interatrial groove
- Interventricular septum - located at the anterior interventricular groove
Any septal defect may allow for what?
Mixing of blood
(deoxygenated wth oxygenated)
What is Eisenmenger’s syndrome?
There is a left to right cardiac shunt due to higher left sided pressure
This occurs long term and results in pulonary hypertension leading to damage to lung capillaries leading them to be replaced with scar tissue
Lung function decreases - scar tissue reduces lung compliance, additional blood volume
Over time, right ventricular hypertrophy occurs until right pressure exceeds the left and a right to left cardiac shunt occurs
Systemic circulation is not adequately oxygenated, an O2 saturation decreases leadign to cyanosis and organ damage
What are the tricuspid and mitral valvaes composed of?
- Valve leaflets
- Tendinous chords
- Papillary muscles
What are semi-lunar valves?
Aortic and pulmonary
What are semi-lunar valves compsoed of?
3 pockets which can open up and occlude the artery preventing backflow
(similar to a Lucozade bottle top)
What is the moderator band?
Septomarginal trabecula
Muscular band of tissue in the right artrium that can carry part of the AV bundle to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp
What is the name of the border between the atrial and auricle walls?
Crista terminalis
In the left atrium remain of what embryological structure may still be present?
Foramen ovale
What are the three nerve systems of the heart?
- Autonomic innervation - sympathetic/parasympathetic
- Visceral afferents - sensory
- Conducting system of the heart