Heart failure

Question 1

define congestive heart failure

Answer 1

a complex clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood.”

Question 2

etiologies of HF

Answer 2

ischemic heart disease (most common), valve disease, HTN, cardiomyopathy, obesity, arrhythmia, thyrotoxicosis

Question 3

Functional Class I of HF

Answer 3

No limitations on physical activity or HF symptoms with regular activity

Question 4

Functional Class II of HF

Answer 4

-slight limitation of physical activity

• comfortable at rest
• ordinary physical activity results in HF symptoms

Question 5

Functional Class III of HF

Answer 5

Marked limitation of physical activity

symptoms stop @ rest

Question 6

Stage A HF

Answer 6

• At risk for HF
• no structural heart disease
• no symptoms

Question 7

Functional Class IV of HF

Answer 7

HF symptoms @ rest

any physical activity causes HF symptoms

Question 8

Stage B HF

Answer 8

• structural Heart disease
• no signs or symptoms of HF

Question 9

Stage C HF

Answer 9

• structural heart disease
• prior or current symptoms of HF

Question 10

Stage D HF

Answer 10

Refractory HF (persistent symptoms)

Question 11

HF symptoms

Answer 11

Dyspnea (on exertion and/or at rest)

Fatigue

Exercise intolerance

Orthopnea,

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Question 12

medications used to treat HF

Answer 12

renin-angiotensin system inhibition (RASi) with angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNi), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)

or

angiotensin (II) receptor blockers (ARB) alone

beta blockers

mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA)

sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)

Question 13

Best imaging to evaluate HF

Answer 13

Echocardiogram

Question 13

HF exam findings

Answer 13

S3 Kentucky
Elevated JVD
HepatoJugular Reflex