Heart Embryological Defects

Question 1

Atrial septal defect (ASD) types (3)

Answer 1

Ostium secondum
Probe patent foramen ovale
Ostium primum
More common in F than M.
Acyonotic

Question 2

Ostium secondum

Answer 2

ASD
Includes patet formane ovale.
Very common.
Caused by excessive cell death and resorption of septum primum OR by inadequate development of septum secondum.

Question 3

Probe patent foramen ovale

Answer 3

ASD
Present in 25% of people
Incomplete adhesion between foramen ovale and the septum secondum after bitrth.

Question 4

Ostium primum

Answer 4

ASD
Septum primum does not fuse with the endocardial cushions.
Associated with a mitral valve cleft.

Question 5

Ventricular septal defects

Answer 5

Acyanotic
Problems with neural crest.
Significant systolic murmur.

Question 6

AV septal defect

Answer 6

Acyanotic
Failure of endocardial cushions to fuse.
ASD found (partial)
VSD 
AV leaflets (partial)

Question 7

“Corrected” Transposition of the Great Vessels

Answer 7

Acyanotic
Improper septation of outflow tract.
Reversed rotation of the heart.

Question 8

Transposition of Great Vessels

Answer 8

Cyanotic
Great vessels comes from wrong ventricles.
Septal defects
Persistent ductus arteriosus.

Question 9

Double outlet RV

Answer 9

Cyanotic
Rt ventricle is much larger than left.
Usually has a ventricular septal defect.
Abnormal migration of bulbar ridges during septation.

Question 10

Truncus arteriosus

Answer 10

Cyanotic
Single great vessel.
Interventricular septal defect.
Absence of bulbar and truncal ridges to form and/or migrate to midline.

Question 11

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 11

Cyanotic
Very serios, very common.
Pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, over-riding aorta.
RV hypertrophy
Septation of outflow tract does not occur.