Cardiology

Question 1

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 1

SVC/IVC bring deoxygenated blood to the RA. Blood enters RV via tricuspid valve. Blood leaves through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary arteries deliver blood to the lungs. Pulmonary veins return blood to the LA.

Question 2

Systemic circulation

Answer 2

Oxygenated blood in the LA flows to the LV via the bicuspid (mitral) valve. LV pumps blood into the aorta via the aortic valve and is delivered to the tissues.

Question 3

Layers of the heart

Answer 3

Fibrous skeleton
Epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 4

Function of fibrous skeleton

Answer 4

Provides attachment points for myocardium.
Provides attachment point for cuspid valves.
Supports AV and semilunar orifices.
Provides an electrical barrier between the atria and ventricles.

Question 5

Surfaces of the heart (3)

Answer 5

Sternocostal
Diaphragmatic
Pulmonary

Question 6

What passes through the right atrioventricular groove?

Answer 6

Right coronary a.

Question 7

What passes through the left interventricular groove?

Answer 7

Coronary sinus

Question 8

What passes through the anterior interventricular groove?

Answer 8

Anterior interventricular a. and great cardiac v.

Question 9

What passes through the posterior interventricular groove?

Answer 9

Posterior interventricular a. and middle cardiac v.

Question 10

Sulcus terminalis

Answer 10

External groove that corresponds the the crista terminalis internally.

Question 11

Smooth wall is:

Answer 11

Sinus venarum

Question 12

Rough wall is:

Answer 12

Pectinate muscle.

Question 13

Crista terminalis

Answer 13

Separates the sinus venarum and pectinate muscle.

Question 14

Ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 14

Embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus. Connection between pulmonary trunk and and aortic arch.
Left recurrent laryngeal n. (from the vagus n.) passes underneath the ligamentum arteriosum to supply the larynx.

Question 15

Sinus venarum

Answer 15

Smooth wall of the RA where the VCs and coronary sinus empty.

Question 16

Interatrial septum

Answer 16

Between the atria. Smooth walled. Houses the fossa ovalis (bulls-eye).

Question 17

Fossa ovalis is a remnant of:

Answer 17

Foramen ovalis.

Allowed blood to go between atria during development.

Question 18

“Orifices” are:

Answer 18

The passageways between chambers. Occupied by the valves.

Question 19

Tricuspid valve cusps

Answer 19

Anterior cusp (biggest)
Posterior cusp
Septal cusp (near septum)

Question 20

Chordae tendinae

Answer 20

Pulls cusps open. Tendons from papillary muscles.
Named corresponding to cusp (ant., post., septal, as are the papillary ms.).
Exists in ventricles.

Question 21

Trabeculae carnae

Answer 21

Rough muscular region in ventricles.

Question 22

Conus arteriosus

Answer 22

AKA infundibulum.

Smooth walled area leading to the pulmonary trunk.

Question 23

Pulmonary valve and aortic valves are:

Answer 23

Semilunar w/ 3 cusps.

Question 24

Pulmonary sinus

Answer 24

Area behind the cusps of pulmonary valve.

Question 25

Where do the pulmonary veins enter?

Answer 25

LA

Question 26

Parts of the IV septum

Answer 26

Membranous part (fibrous skeleton)
Muscular part

Question 27

Conduction of the heart

Answer 27

SA node in the myocardium initiates impulse that propagates through the atrial walls. This produces diastole.
AV node responds to the signal and distributes it throughout the ventricles.
AV bundle crosses the fibrous skeleton and distributes the signal from the AV node into a right and left AV bundle.
Subendocardial branches distribute the signal to the interventricular septum, then to papillary muscles, then to the rest of the ventricular wall (Perkinje fibers).

Question 28

Pericardium

Answer 28

Serous component w/ parietal (attached to fibrous skeleton) and visceral parts (attached to heart, “epicardium”).