Heart

Question 1

Most common cause of congenital heart disease

Answer 1

Trisomy 21

Question 2

Most common congenital heart malformation

Answer 2

VSD

Question 3

Presence of this marks irreversibility of CHD lesions

Answer 3

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 4

Most common type of ASD

Answer 4

Secundum

Question 5

CHD
Fixed widely split S2 and murmur
Small defects may spontaneously close
Symptoms may appear later in life ~30 years old

Answer 5

ASD

Question 6

One way valve that allows right to left shunt in utero

Usually seals by 2 years old

Answer 6

Patent foramen ovale

Question 7

Most common type of VSD

Answer 7

Perimembranous

Question 8

Machinery like murmur

Mechanism to bypass unoxygenated lungs and direct blood flow from pulmonary artery to aorta

Answer 8

Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 9

Most common cyanotic CHD

Answer 9

TOF

Question 10

Boot shaped heart on xray

Hypoxic tet spells

Answer 10

TOF

Question 11

Egg on the side appearance
Apple on a stem
Common in infants with a diabetic mothers

Answer 11

Transposition of great arteries

Question 12

Infantile coarctation of aorta is associated with this condition

Answer 12

Turner syndrome

Question 13

Prinzmetal angina is caused by

Answer 13

Coronary artery spasm

Question 14

Most common main vessel involved in MI

Answer 14

LAD

Question 15

Type of murmur that involves stenosis of semilunar and regurgitation of AV valves

Answer 15

Systolic murmurs

Question 16

Type of murmur that involves stenosis of AV and regurgitation of semilunar valves

Answer 16

Diastolic murmur

Question 17

Most common cause of VHD

Answer 17

Calcific aortic stenosis

Question 18

Heart valve disease associated with mitral valve prolapse

Answer 18

Mitral annular calcification

Question 19

Interchordal ballooning of the mitral leaflets
Myxomatous degeneration
Attenuation of collagenous fibrosa

Answer 19

Mital valve prolapse

Question 20

Aschoff bodies- t lymphocytes, plasma cells
Caterpillar cells- Anitschkow cells - plump activated macrophages
Leaflet thickening
Fishmouth or button hole deformity

Answer 20

Rheumatic fever

Question 21

Small vegetations along lines of closure in RHD

Answer 21

Verruca

Question 22

Subendocardial irregular thickenings due to regurgitatant jets in RHD

Answer 22

MacCallum plaques

Question 23

Diagnostic criteria for RF

Answer 23

2 major or

1 major and 2 minor

Question 24

Major manifestations in RF

Answer 24

PECCS
Polyarthritis
Erythema nodosum
Carditis
Chorea
Subcutaneous nodules

Question 25

Hallmark of infective endocarditis

Answer 25

Presence of vegetations

Question 26

Common organisms in acute infective endocarditis

Answer 26

S. auerus

Question 27

Common organisms in subacute infective endocarditis

Answer 27

Viridans strep | HACEK organisms

Question 28

Most commonly affected valve in IE

Answer 28

Aortic and mitral

Question 29

Associated with mucinois adenoCA, systemic hypercoagulable states Small bland vegetations at line of closure Non invasive no inflammation

Answer 29

Nonbacterial Thrombotic | Marantic endocarditis

Question 30

Associated with SLE | Vegetations on sides of valve leaflets

Answer 30

Libman- Sacks endocarditis

Question 31

Most common gene defect in Dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 31

Titin

Question 32

Most common gene defect in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 32

B myosin heavy chain

Question 33

Cardiomyopathy secondary to psychologic stress

Answer 33

Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy | Dilated

Question 34

Autosomal dominant genetic defect in desmosomes | Severely thinned RV myocardium with fatty infiltration and fibrosis

Answer 34

Arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy

Question 35

Most common viral cause of myocarditis

Answer 35

Coxsackie, enterovirus

Question 36

Most common parasitic cause of myocarditis

Answer 36

T. cruzi | Helminthic: trichinella spiralis

Question 37

Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults

Answer 37

Myxoma

Question 38

Most common primary cardiac tumor in children | Spider cells

Answer 38

Rhabdomyoma

Question 39

Conditions associated with myxoma

Answer 39

McCune- Albright

Question 40

Conditions associated with rhabdomyoma

Answer 40

Tuberous sclerosis

Question 41

Normal pericardial fluid

Answer 41

50ml

Question 42

Beck triad (cardiac tamponade)

Answer 42

Muffled heart sounds Distended neck veins Arterial hypotension

Question 43

Most common type of acute pericarditis

Answer 43

Fibrinous

Question 44

What condition? Chest pain relieved when leaning forward Pericardial friction

Answer 44

Acute pericarditis

Question 45

Water bottle appearance of the heart Pulsus paradoxus Diastolic dysfunction

Answer 45

Chronic pericarditis