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Patho > Cellular Response, Inflammation And Repair > Flashcards

Cellular Response, Inflammation And Repair Flashcards

1
Q

First manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells

A

Cellular swelling

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2
Q

It is the increase in the size of cells due to increased functional demand

A

Hypertrophy

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3
Q

What type of cellular response occurs in a gravid uterus and muscle of body builders?

A

Hypertrophy

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4
Q

It is the increase in number of cells that is due to growth factor driven proliferation or new output from stem cells

A

Hyperplasia

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5
Q

What type of cell response occurs when pubertal breast changes and liver regeneration happens?

A

Hyperplasia

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6
Q

It is the decreased cell size and number due to decreased protein synthesis in the context of decreased workload, denervation, ischemia and malnutrition

A

Atrophy

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7
Q

Most common cause of columnar-squamous metaplasia

A

Vitamin A deficiency

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8
Q

Seen in cells dependent on fat metabolism with appearance of cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles

A

Fatty change

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9
Q

Cell size in necrosis

A

Enlarged

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10
Q

Necrosis and apoptosis:

Which has a physiologic and pathologic role?

A

Necrosis- pathologic

Apoptosis- often physiologic

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11
Q

Unregulated form of cell death

A

Necrosis

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12
Q

Nuclear change that involves decreased basophilia of chromatin

A

Karyolysis

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13
Q

Nuclear change that involves nuclear shrinkage with increased basophilia

A

Pyknosis

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14
Q

Nuclear change that involves fragmentation of pyknotic nucleus

A

Karyorrhexis

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15
Q

Type of necrosis where organ architecture is preserved and happens when there is ischemia of organs

A

Coagulative necrosis

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16
Q

Acidophilic tombstone necrosis

A

Coagulative

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17
Q

Necrosis that involves digestion of dead cells resulting in its transformation into a liquid viscous mass

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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18
Q

Ischemic coagulative necrosis of the limbs

A

Gangrenous necrosis

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19
Q

Gangrene superimposed with bacterial infection

A

Wet gangrene

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20
Q

Cheese like necrosis
Architecture not preserved
Tuberculous infections

A

Caseous necrosis

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21
Q

Necrosis where fatty acids from triglycerides breakdown, combine with Ca and form soaps

A

Fat necrosis

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22
Q

Necrosis seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels

A

Fibrinoid

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23
Q

Cystein proteases that cleave proteins for apoptosis

A

Caspases

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24
Q

Initiator caspases

A

Intrinsic- 9

Extrinsic - 8 and 10

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25
Executioner caspases
3 and 6
26
Regulated cell death that results in necrosis that is caspase independent
Necroptosis
27
Necroptosis in microbe infected cells
Pyroptosis
28
Caspases involved in pyroptosis
1 and 11
29
Plasma cells actively producing Ig
Russell bodies
30
Intracellular accumulation that results in a homogeneous, glassy pink appearance that is not specific
Hyaline change
31
Process that occurs when a cell eats its own contents
Autophagy
32
Marker for autophagy
LC3
33
Wear and tear pigment Sign of lipid peroxidation Lipids and phospholipids in complex with proteins
Lipofuschin
34
Psammoma bodies are seen in
``` Prolactinoma Papillary thyroid Serous cystadenoma Meningioma Mesothelioma ```
35
Proteins that respond to food deprivation and DNA damage | If increased, produced substances prolong longevity
Sirtuins
36
Cellular receptors for microbes
Toll like receptors
37
Components of acute inflammation
Dilation of small vessels Increased microvascular permeability Emigration of leukocytes and their activation
38
Most notable mediator that produces vasodilation
Histamine
39
Recruitment of leukocytes steps
``` Margination Rolling- L selectin Adhesion- integrin Transmigration Migration ```
40
Transmigration/Diapedesis adhesion molecules
CD31 | PECAM 1
41
Movement of leukocytes toward the site of injury influenced by a chemical stimulus
Chemotaxis
42
Main infoltrate for pseudomonas infection
PMNs for several days
43
Extrudes DNA into extracellular space, release mesh and engulf microbes
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)
44
Inflammatory mediator Increased vascular permeability Chemotaxis Leukocyte adhesion and activation
Leukotrienes
45
Inflammatory mediator Smooth muscle contraction Vasodilation Pain
Kinins
46
Inflammatory mediator Leukocyte chemotaxis and activation Direct target killing Vasodilation- mast cell activation
Complement
47
Vasoconstrictor amine from platelet and neuroendocrine cells
Serotonin
48
Eicosanoids for vasodilation
PGI2 PGE 1 and 2 PGD 2
49
Eicosanoid for vasoconstriction
TXA2 | Leukotrienes C, D, E4
50
Proteins that mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions
Cytokines
51
Small proteins that act primarily as chemoattractants
Chemokines
52
Cytokine that stimulate adhesion molecule expression and secretion and other cytokines
TNF
53
Cytokine similar in TNF | Greater role in fever
IL-1
54
Cytokine in acute inflammation involved in recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes
IL-17
55
Cytokine in chronic inflammation used in activation of macrophages
IFN- y
56
Complement component that complexes with Ig-Ag complex (classical) Activated by mannose binding lectin complexed with bacterial surface CHO (lectin pathway
C1
57
Most abundant component of complement system
C3
58
Late components of complement system
C6-C9
59
Promote histamine release from mast cells | Anaphylatoxins
C3a C4a C5a
60
Hereditary angioedema is due to deficient
C1 inhibitor
61
Due to deficiency in Decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
62
Deficiency in late components can place a person susceptible to
Neisseria infections
63
Inflammatory mediator that has vasoconstricting properties in high concentration and histamine like effects in low concentration
Platelet activating factor
64
Inflammatory mediator involved in pain
Bradykinin | Substance P
65
CD4 subtype that releases IFN y for macrophage activation
TH1
66
CD4 subtype involved in eosinophil recruitment and macrophage activation
TH2
67
TH2 releases which cytokines
IL 4, 5, 13
68
CD4 subtype that releases IL-17 for recruitment of PMNs
TH17
69
Diseases with granulomatous inflammation
``` Tuberculosis Leprosy Syphilis Cat scratch Sarcoidosis Crohn's disease ```
70
Cytokine involved in increased synthesis of CRP, fibrinogen and serum amyloid A
IL-6
71
Angiogenesis is mediated by this growth factor
VEGF
72
Hallmark of repair
Formation of granulation tissue
73
Central cells in repair
Macrophages
74
Most important cytokine for synthesis and deposition of connective tissue
TGF -beta
75
Most common sites of edema
Subcutaneous tissue Lungs Brain
76
Acute or Chonic congestion? Liver: centrilobular region red brown contrasted with a tan surface and centrilobular hemorrhage
Chronic
77
Liver description in chronic hemorrhage is called
Nutmeg liver
78
Deficiency in gpIIb-IIIa complex in platelet aggregation can result to this disease
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
79
Bernard-Soulier syndrome is due to deficiency of
Gp1b for platelet adhesion
80
Virchow triad
Endothelial injury Abnormal blood flow Hypercoagulability
81
Most common genetic abnormality that predisposes to thrombosis
Factor V Leiden
82
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is characterized by recurrent thrombosis due to antibody mediated interference with trophoblastic differentiation due to antiphospholipid antibodies. What antibodies are implicated?
Anti cardiolipin | Lupus anticoagulant
83
Most common form of embolism
Pulmonary
84
Most common source of pulmonary embolism
Dee venous thrombosis
85
Most common source of sytemic thrombo embolism
Mural thrombi
86
Chronic form of air embolism | Ischemia of femoral head, tibia, humerus
Caisson disease
87
Most common cause of infarction
Arterial thrombosis or embolism
88
Type of infarct seen in solid organs and those with end arterial circulation
White infarct
89
Type of infarct seen in venous occlusion, dual blood supply organs, loose spongy tissues
Red infarct

Patho (11 decks)

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