Heart Flashcards
location of bicuspid valve
left atrium
what surrounds the heart?
pericardium – a double layer sac
coronary vessels
blood vessels that supply blood directly to the heart muscles
ventricular septal defect
A hole in the septum (the wall) between the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles)
ischemic heart disease and when it got big
Definition: insufficient blood supply to heart
Year of Initial Prominence: 1981
coronary sinus
the vessel or passage that receives the cardiac veins from the heart; opens into the right atrium
atrial septal defect
a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of your heart (atria)
atherosclerosis
build-up of:
- fat deposits
- high cholesterol
branches of left coronary artery
- anterior interventricular
- circumflex
- posterior interventricular
Regions of the Heart
Base: poster; left atrium and part of right atrium
Diaphragmatic: inferior; both ventricles, primarily left
Pulmonary: (left) left ventricle
Sternocostal: (anterior) both ventricles, primarily right part of right atrium
trabeculae carnae
muscular beams; make up the inner surface of the myocardium inside the ventricles
Fetal Circulation
vein often used in bypass surgery and why
Vein: Great Saphneous Vein
Why:
- easily accessible
- similar in diameter to coronary arteries
- can find pieces without valves
auricles of heart
Definition: “a small conical pouch portion of the right and left atria of the heart; each projects from the upper anterior portion of each atrium”
Function: to increase the capacity of the atrium, and so also increase the volume of blood that it is able to contain
where is the heart located in the body?
middle mediastinum
septal defects
- ventricular septal defect
- atrial septal defect
- atrioventricular septal defect
angina pectoris
chest pain
Superior Border of the Heart
Inferior margin of 2nd left costal cartilage to superior border of 3rd right costal cartilage
left coronary artery
- starts in left coronary sulcus
- branches into:
- anterior interventricular artery (surface of left ventricle and circumflex artery)
- left marginal artery (branch of anterior interventricular arteries)
crista terminalis
What it is:
- ridge separating the musculi pectinati from the muscular ridges of the smooth wall of the atrium
Where it is:
- runs from superior vena cava to inferior vena cava
valves of the heart
- tricuspid valve
- bicuspid valve
- pulmonary semilunar valve
- aortic semilunar valve
origin of left marginal artery
stems off of circumflex artery, which came from left coronary artery
sulcus
a furrow, groove, or fissure
heart skeleton
4 bands of dense CT that encircle the pulmonary trunk, aorta, and heart valves
Vein, Artery, and Nerve located Between Parietal Pluera and Fibrous Pericardium
Vein: pericardiophrenic
Artery: pericardiophrenic
Nerve: phrenic
spatial arrangement of heart valves to one another
all valves of the heart are in the same plane
single lead pacemaker
right to RV
right coronary artery
- passes between pulmonary trunk and right auricle (in coronary sulcus)
- gives off a right marginal branch on anterior surface of right ventricle
- ends in the posterior interventricular artery
Functions of the Heart Skeleton
Functions of the Heart Skeleton
- structural support
- anchoring point for valves
- insulator between atria and ventricles
- origin and insertion for ventricular muscles
electrical conduction in the heart
SA node → AV node → AV bundle / bundle of His → Purkinje fibers
atrial fibrillation - definition and common side effect
Definition: the atrial wall quivers instead of producing an organized contraction because impulses move over the atrial surface at rates of 500 beats per minute
Side Effect: blood clots can form near atrial walls
coronoary veins
- coronary sinus
- great cardiac vein
- posteterior vein of left ventricle
- middle cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein
first place blood goes is to the heart
left and right coronary arteries
how do the shunts of fetal circulation change over time?
- foramen ovale becomes the “fossa ovale”
- (fossa = depression)
- ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum
papillary muscles
attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole (or ventricular contraction)
location of aortic semilunar valve
aorta
Right Border of the Heart
superior border of 3rd right costal cartilage to 6th right costal cartilage
atheromatous plaque
the hardened version of the fat found in atherosclerosis
intervenous tubercle
a fold on the inner wall of the right atrium, directing the flow of blood from the venae cavae to the atrioventricular opening
inferior border of the heart
6th right costal cartilage to 5th intercostal cartilage space on left
musculi pectinati
Definition
- “small muscular ridges on the inner wall of heart”
Location
- right atrium
- right auricle
- left auricle
Blood Flow Through the Heart
double lead pacemaker
RA and RV
outer layers around the heart
location of tricuspid valve
right atrium
major shunts of fetal circulation
- ductus arteriosus
- pulmonary artery → aorta
- ductus venosus
- umbilical vein → inferior vena cava
- foramen ovale
- right atrium → left ventricle
location of pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary artery
skeleton of heart referred to as:
fibrous ring
anterior cardiac veins
collect blood from right ventricle and drain into right atrium
heart murmur
any abnormal heart sound; not all are clinically significant
right coronary artery branches
- right marginal
- posterior interventricular
pacemaker of heart
SA node
myocardiac infarctation: textbook explanation (essay form)
- when an embolus occludes a major artery then the region of the myocardium served by the occluded vessel becomes infarcted – rendered virtually bloodless
- this leads to necrosis (pathological tissue death)
veins that branch off coronary sinus
- small cardiac
- middle cardiac
- left posterior ventricular vein
- left marginal vein
- great cardiac
(posterior view right to left)
myocardial infarction
Definition: irreversible damage of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged ischemia and hypoxia.
Most Common Example: when a coronary artery becomes occluded following the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, which then leads to the formation of a blood clot (coronary thrombosis).
atrioventricular septal defect
a heart defect in which there are holes between the chambers of the right and left sides of the heart, and the valves that control the flow of blood between these chambers may not be formed correctly
which vessels empty into the right atrium?
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- coronary sinus
- anterior cardiac veins
angina pectoris
mild narrowing/oclusion of the arteries; not a heart attack but more of a wake-up call
chordae tendinae
strings of the bicuspid and tricuspid; keeps the valves from inverting
Most Common Arteries of Bypass Surgery
a. anterior interventricular artery (48-50% of the time)
b. right coronary artery (30-40% of the time)
c. circumflex (15 - 20% of the time)
