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Anatomy Exam 2 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

location of bicuspid valve

A

left atrium

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2
Q

what surrounds the heart?

A

pericardium – a double layer sac

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3
Q

coronary vessels

A

blood vessels that supply blood directly to the heart muscles

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4
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

A hole in the septum (the wall) between the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles)

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5
Q

ischemic heart disease and when it got big

A

Definition: insufficient blood supply to heart

Year of Initial Prominence: 1981

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6
Q

coronary sinus

A

the vessel or passage that receives the cardiac veins from the heart; opens into the right atrium

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7
Q

atrial septal defect

A

a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of your heart (atria)

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8
Q

atherosclerosis

A

build-up of:

  • fat deposits
  • high cholesterol
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9
Q

branches of left coronary artery

A
  • anterior interventricular
  • circumflex
  • posterior interventricular
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10
Q

Regions of the Heart

A

Base: poster; left atrium and part of right atrium

Diaphragmatic: inferior; both ventricles, primarily left

Pulmonary: (left) left ventricle

Sternocostal: (anterior) both ventricles, primarily right part of right atrium

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11
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

muscular beams; make up the inner surface of the myocardium inside the ventricles

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12
Q

Fetal Circulation

A
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13
Q

vein often used in bypass surgery and why

A

Vein: Great Saphneous Vein

Why:

  • easily accessible
  • similar in diameter to coronary arteries
  • can find pieces without valves
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14
Q

auricles of heart

A

Definition: “a small conical pouch portion of the right and left atria of the heart; each projects from the upper anterior portion of each atrium”

Function: to increase the capacity of the atrium, and so also increase the volume of blood that it is able to contain

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15
Q

where is the heart located in the body?

A

middle mediastinum

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16
Q

septal defects

A
  1. ventricular septal defect
  2. atrial septal defect
  3. atrioventricular septal defect
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17
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain

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18
Q

Superior Border of the Heart

A

Inferior margin of 2nd left costal cartilage to superior border of 3rd right costal cartilage

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19
Q

left coronary artery

A
  • starts in left coronary sulcus
  • branches into:
    • anterior interventricular artery (surface of left ventricle and circumflex artery)
    • left marginal artery (branch of anterior interventricular arteries)
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20
Q

crista terminalis

A

What it is:

  • ridge separating the musculi pectinati from the muscular ridges of the smooth wall of the atrium

Where it is:

  • runs from superior vena cava to inferior vena cava
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21
Q

valves of the heart

A
  1. tricuspid valve
  2. bicuspid valve
  3. pulmonary semilunar valve
  4. aortic semilunar valve
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22
Q

origin of left marginal artery

A

stems off of circumflex artery, which came from left coronary artery

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23
Q

sulcus

A

a furrow, groove, or fissure

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24
Q

heart skeleton

A

4 bands of dense CT that encircle the pulmonary trunk, aorta, and heart valves

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25
Q

Vein, Artery, and Nerve located Between Parietal Pluera and Fibrous Pericardium

A

Vein: pericardiophrenic

Artery: pericardiophrenic

Nerve: phrenic

26
Q

spatial arrangement of heart valves to one another

A

all valves of the heart are in the same plane

27
Q

single lead pacemaker

A

right to RV

28
Q

right coronary artery

A
  • passes between pulmonary trunk and right auricle (in coronary sulcus)
  • gives off a right marginal branch on anterior surface of right ventricle
  • ends in the posterior interventricular artery
29
Q

Functions of the Heart Skeleton

A

Functions of the Heart Skeleton

  1. structural support
  2. anchoring point for valves
  3. insulator between atria and ventricles
  4. origin and insertion for ventricular muscles
30
Q

electrical conduction in the heart

A

SA node → AV node → AV bundle / bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

31
Q

atrial fibrillation - definition and common side effect

A

Definition: the atrial wall quivers instead of producing an organized contraction because impulses move over the atrial surface at rates of 500 beats per minute

Side Effect: blood clots can form near atrial walls

32
Q

coronoary veins

A
  1. coronary sinus
  2. great cardiac vein
  3. posteterior vein of left ventricle
  4. middle cardiac vein
  5. small cardiac vein
33
Q

first place blood goes is to the heart

A

left and right coronary arteries

34
Q

how do the shunts of fetal circulation change over time?

A
  • foramen ovale becomes the “fossa ovale”
    • (fossa = depression)
  • ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum
35
Q

papillary muscles

A

attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole (or ventricular contraction)

36
Q

location of aortic semilunar valve

A

aorta

37
Q

Right Border of the Heart

A

superior border of 3rd right costal cartilage to 6th right costal cartilage

38
Q

atheromatous plaque

A

the hardened version of the fat found in atherosclerosis

39
Q

intervenous tubercle

A

a fold on the inner wall of the right atrium, directing the flow of blood from the venae cavae to the atrioventricular opening

40
Q

inferior border of the heart

A

6th right costal cartilage to 5th intercostal cartilage space on left

41
Q

musculi pectinati

A

Definition

  • “small muscular ridges on the inner wall of heart”

Location

  • right atrium
  • right auricle
  • left auricle
42
Q

Blood Flow Through the Heart

A
43
Q

double lead pacemaker

A

RA and RV

44
Q

outer layers around the heart

A
45
Q

location of tricuspid valve

A

right atrium

46
Q

major shunts of fetal circulation

A
  • ductus arteriosus
    • pulmonary artery → aorta
  • ductus venosus
    • umbilical vein → inferior vena cava
  • foramen ovale
    • right atrium → left ventricle
47
Q

location of pulmonary semilunar valve

A

pulmonary artery

48
Q

skeleton of heart referred to as:

A

fibrous ring

49
Q

anterior cardiac veins

A

collect blood from right ventricle and drain into right atrium

50
Q

heart murmur

A

any abnormal heart sound; not all are clinically significant

51
Q

right coronary artery branches

A
  • right marginal
  • posterior interventricular
52
Q

pacemaker of heart

A

SA node

53
Q

myocardiac infarctation: textbook explanation (essay form)

A
  • when an embolus occludes a major artery then the region of the myocardium served by the occluded vessel becomes infarcted – rendered virtually bloodless
  • this leads to necrosis (pathological tissue death)
54
Q

veins that branch off coronary sinus

A
  • small cardiac
  • middle cardiac
  • left posterior ventricular vein
  • left marginal vein
  • great cardiac

(posterior view right to left)

55
Q

myocardial infarction

A

Definition: irreversible damage of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged ischemia and hypoxia.

Most Common Example: when a coronary artery becomes occluded following the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, which then leads to the formation of a blood clot (coronary thrombosis).

56
Q

atrioventricular septal defect

A

a heart defect in which there are holes between the chambers of the right and left sides of the heart, and the valves that control the flow of blood between these chambers may not be formed correctly

57
Q

which vessels empty into the right atrium?

A
  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. coronary sinus
  4. anterior cardiac veins
58
Q

angina pectoris

A

mild narrowing/oclusion of the arteries; not a heart attack but more of a wake-up call

59
Q

chordae tendinae

A

strings of the bicuspid and tricuspid; keeps the valves from inverting

60
Q

Most Common Arteries of Bypass Surgery

A

a. anterior interventricular artery (48-50% of the time)
b. right coronary artery (30-40% of the time)
c. circumflex (15 - 20% of the time)

Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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