Heart

Question 1

Describe the pericardial layers.

Answer 1

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium (w/ visceral and parietal layer - parietal layer is fused to the fibrous pericardium)

Question 2

What is the developmental origin of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 2

Developed from part of the body wall

Question 3

What forms the base of the heart?

Answer 3

The left atrium.

Question 4

What forms the sternocostal (anterior) surface of the heart?

Answer 4

Right ventricle and right atrium

Question 5

What forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

Answer 5

Right and left ventricles

Question 6

What forms the left pulmonary surface of the heart?

Answer 6

Left ventricle

Question 7

What forms the right pulmonary surface of the heart?

Answer 7

Right atrium

Question 8

On CXR, what forms the right border of the heart?

Answer 8

The right atrium (mostly)

Question 9

On CXR, what forms the left border of the heart?

Answer 9

Left ventricle

Question 10

What forms the inferior border of the heart as seen on CXR?

Answer 10

Right and left ventricles

Question 11

Name the layers of the heart wall.

Answer 11

Inner endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)

Question 12

What are the fancy words for the smooth and rough part of the right atrium?

Answer 12

Smooth part is the sinus venarum

Rough part is the auricle

Question 13

The fossa ovalis is a result of closure of the _______?

Answer 13

foramen ovale

Question 14

The stringy muscles inthe atria are called ______ ______, while the muscles in the ventricles are called ______ ______ and ______ ______.

Answer 14

Atria: pectinate muscles

Ventricles: trabeculae carneae and papillary muscles

Question 15

The smooth parts of the ventricles are the _______ (inflow/outflow) parts.

Answer 15

outflow

Question 16

What is the fancy name for the smooth/outflow part of the right ventricle?

Answer 16

Infundibulum

Question 17

What is the fancy word for the smooth/outflow part of the left ventricle?

Answer 17

Aortic vestibule

Question 18

Blood moves from atria to ventricles through atrioventricular ________.

Answer 18

orifices

Question 19

Describe the flow of blood through the heart and great vessels.

Answer 19

Deoxygenated blood from body -> SVC/IVC -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Trunk -> Pulmonary Arteries -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Systemic circulation

Question 20

What structures are responsible for the prevention of A-V valve eversion during ventricular systole?

Answer 20

Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae

Question 21

Name the structure that is characterized by a thickened band of muscle at the junction of the auricle and sinus venarum in the right atrium.

Answer 21

crista terminalis

Question 22

Describe the conduction pathway in the heart.

Answer 22

SA node -> atrial muscle -> AV node -> AV bundle through the fibrous skeleton -> right and left bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers OR moderator band to papillary muscles

Question 23

Describe the innervation to the heart.

Answer 23

Cardiac plexus - located at the trachael bifurcation - contains nerve fibers from the vagus (parasympathetic) and fibers from the sympathetic trunk (T1-T4)

Question 24

In between which two vessels would you find the vagus nerves?

Answer 24

Between the internal jugular veins and the common carotid arteries (in the carotid sheath!)

Question 25

From the venous end to the arterial end, name all the parts of the developing heart tube.

Answer 25

Sinus venosus
Primordial atrium
Primordial ventricle
Bulbus cordis
Aortic sac
Truncus arteriosus

Question 26

What is the embryonic origin of the inflow part of the right ventricle? What about the outflow part/infundibulum?

Answer 26

Inflow part derived from the proximal bulbus cordis

Outflow part derived from the distal bulbus cordis

Question 27

What is the embryonic origin of the sinus venosus? What about the auricle?

Answer 27

Sinus venarum derived from the right horn of the sinus venosus.

Auricle developed from the primitive right atrium.

Question 28

What are the embryonic origins of the inflow and outflow parts of the left ventricle?

Answer 28

Inflow part derived from the primitive ventricle.

Outflow part derived from the distal bulbus cordis.

Question 29

Explain why the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wraps around the right subclavian artery whereas the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wraps around the aorta.

Answer 29

Because the 5th and 6th aortic arches on the right degenerate, so the recurrent laryngeal nerve gets hung up on the 4th arch, which later becomes the subclavian artery. On the left side, the recurrent laryngeal nerve gets hung up on the 6th arch/ dorsal aortae, which become the ligamentum arteriosum and aortic arch, respectively.

Question 30

An anastomosis between the _________ _________ veins during development gives rise to the left brachiocephalic vein.

Answer 30

precardinal veins

Question 31

What is the developmental origin of the superior vena cava?

Answer 31

It forms from the proximal right anterior cardinal vein along with a bit of the right common cardinal vein.

Question 32

The _______ _______ shunts fetal blood away from the liver, and developed as an anastomosis between which vessels?

Answer 32

ductus venosus developed as an anastomosis between the left vitelline and umbilical veins and the right vitelline vein.