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My notes > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart responsible for maintaining?

A

constant supply of fresh oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissue while removing carbon dioxide and waste

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2
Q

Right side of the heart

A

receives oxygen-poor blood and pumps it to the lungs (pulmonary circuit)

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3
Q

Left side of the heart

A

receives oxygen-rich blood and pumps it to the body (systemic circuit)

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4
Q

Two Atria

A

The receiving chambers

“little hallway”

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5
Q

Right Atrium

A

receives blood returning from the systemic circuit

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6
Q

Left Atrium

A

receives blood returning from the lungs

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7
Q

Two Ventricles

A

The pumping Chambers

“little belly”

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8
Q

Right Ventricle

A

pumps blood into pulmonary circuit

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9
Q

Left Ventricle

A

pumps blood into the systemic circuit

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10
Q

Location of heart

A

Size = human fist

Between sternum and vertebral column

Rests on diaphragm

2/3 of the heart’s mass is to the left of the midsternal line

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11
Q

Pericardium

A

double-walled sac that encloses the heart

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12
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

loose fitting superficial part of the pericardium

  • dense connective tissue
  • protects heart, keeps it from overfilling, anchors it to the mediastinum
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13
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

deep to the fibrous pericardium, made of 2 thin layers

  • Parietal layer
  • Visceral layer
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14
Q

Parietal Layer

A

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

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15
Q

Visceral layer

A

lines the external surface of the heart

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16
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

space between the parietal + visceral layers, filled with serous fluid

  • reduces friction
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17
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

  • beating heart rubs against the pericardial sac - an audible sound produced

Symptom- pain deep to sternum

  • can lead to adhesions, impeded cardiac activity
18
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

compression of the heart by large amounts of inflammatory fluid in the pericardial cavity

  • heart’s ability to pump blood is reduced
  • Management_ removal of excess fluid by syringe
19
Q

Layers of heart

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
20
Q

Epicardium

A

most superficial

21
Q

Myocardium

A

middle muscle layer

  • composed of contracting, cardiac muscle; bulk of heart
  • cardiac muscle cells are arranged in spiral bundles, tethered together by crisscrossing connective tissue (tissue important for sending signals)
22
Q

Cardiac Skeleton

A

a reinforcing, dense network formed by the connective tissue fibers

  • prevents overstretching from continuous stresses and ensures that action potential only spread along desired pathways
23
Q

Endocardium

A

deepest layer, made of endothelium

  • line heart chambers, contiguous with the lining of the great vessels
24
Q

How many chambers, atria, and ventricles are there?

A

4 chambers
2 superior atria
2 inferior ventricle

25
Q

Coronary Sulcus (atrioventricular groove)

A

encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles

26
Q

Anterior Interventricular Sulcus

A

carries the anterior interventricular artery, marks the interventricular septum

27
Q

Posterior Interventricular sulcus

A

carries the psoterior interventricular artery, marks the interventricular septum

28
Q

Auricles

A

small, wrinkled appendages that sit atop each atrium

  • expand the volume capacity of the right and left atria as needed
29
Q

Atria

A

small, receiving chambers; generate only minimal contraction to push blood into the ventricles

  • anterior wall of right atrium is covered with pectinate muscle
  • left atrium’s wall are smooth
30
Q

blood enters the right atrium via…

A

Coronary Sinus
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava

31
Q

Blood enter the left atrium via…

A

Pulmonary veins (4)

32
Q

Ventricles

A

makes up most of the volume of the heart

  • left ventricle wall is 3x thicker than right ventricles
  • left ventricle is circular while right is crescent shaped

slide 15..

33
Q

Valves

A

esnures that blood flowd through the ehart in only one direction

atria -> ventricles; ventricles -> great arteries

34
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

located at each atrial-ventricular junction, prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

35
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

located between the right atrium and ventricle, has 3 flexible cusps

cusps: flap of endocardium

36
Q

Bicupid valve

A

located between the left atrium and ventricle, has 2 flexible cusps

37
Q

chordae tendinae

A

… slides 16

38
Q

Functions of valves

A

blood returning to the atria puts pressure against AV valves; the AV valves are forced opened

as the ventricles fill, AV valve cups hang limply into ventricle

atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles

ventricles contract forcing blood against AV valve cusps

AV valve close

chordae tedinae tighten, preventing valve cusps from everting into atria

39
Q

Simulunar Valves (SL)

A
  • Aortic + Pumonary

guard the bases of the large arteries emerging from each of the ventricle, prevents backflow from vessel to ventricle

40
Q

Why do SL Valves open and close in response to what

A

changes in pressure

  • forced open as ventricle contact and pressure rises
  • close as blood backflows toward the heart and dills the cusps
41
Q

slide 20

A
42
Q

Valve disease/replacement

A

leaking valves recue the efficiency of pumping heart

incompetent/insufficient valves force heart to repump the same blood multiple times

stenotic valves are stiff/narrowed, constrict heart’s openings (narrowed openings force the heart to contract more forcefully)

faulty valves increases heart’s workload - heart weakens over time

mitral and aortic valves are msot often affected

valves can be replaced with mechanical replicas, chemicallt treated pig or cow valves, or cryopreserved cadaver valves

My notes (11 decks)

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