Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My notes > Digestive Anatomy and Processes Pt 2 > Flashcards

Digestive Anatomy and Processes Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The stomach

A
  • a j shaped sac: temporary storage tank (2-6 hours) and site of demolition
  • starts chemical digestion - the breakdown of proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chyme

A

“juice”, liquified slurry of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stomach volumes

A

empty: 1/4 cup
full: 1 gallon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

rugae

A

mucosal folds seen in an empty stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Muscularis

A

has an added internal, oblique layer to allow increased mixing and churning - more intense mechanical breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mucosa

A

contains simple columnar epithelium made entirely of mucous cells - produces a cloudy, protective double layer of alkaline mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gastric Glands

A

the glands of the fundus and body are substantially larger and produce the majority of the stomach’s secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mucus neck cells

A

produce thin, soluble mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

parietal cells

A

produce HCI and secrete intrinsic factor (required to absorb B12)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen and lipases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pepsinogen

A

inactive pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete chemical messengers into the lamina propria as well as gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gastric juice

A

a corrosive acid with the ability to digest the stomach itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mucosal Barrier

A

produced to protect the stomach
- a thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus
- tight junction between epithelial cells
- quick replacement of damaged mucosal cells by stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stamach in response to breaches of the mucosal Barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

peptic/gastric ulcers

A

erosions of the stomach wall, cause gnawing, epigastric pain
- pain typically appears 1-3 hours after eating and resolves with eating again
- ulcers are linked to peritonitis and H, pylori - a type of acid resistant bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

propulsion

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mechanical breakdown

A

churning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of proteins by HCI and pepsin (rennin in infants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

absorption

A

only lipid-soluble substances - alcohol and aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

secretion of intrinsic factor

A

essential for B12 absorption and maturation of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Digestive process in the stomach order

A
  1. propulsion
  2. mechanical breakdown
  3. digestion
  4. absorption
  5. secretion of intrinsic factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How much gastric juice is secreted a day

A

> 3L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neural Mechanisms of Regulation

A
  • stimulation by the vagus nerve increases secretion
  • stimulating by the sympathetic Nervous System decreases secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hormonal Mechanism of regulation

A
  • gastrin stimulates secretion of HCI by the stomach
  • gastrin stimulates secretion of gastrin antagonists by the SI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Regulation of gastric secretion

A

control of HCI - secreting parietal cells is multifaceted - secretion is simultaneously by ACh, gastrin, histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 phases of gastric secretions

A
  • Cephalic/Reflex Phase
  • Gastric Phase
  • Intestinal Phase

(can happen simultaneously)

28
Q

Cephalic/Reflex Phase

A

triggered by smell, taste, and sight; act via the vagus nerve

29
Q

Gastric Phase

A

triggered by stretch receptors and/or chemical stimuli - partially digested protein, caffeine, rising pH

  • activates G cell to secrete gastrin
  • gastrin initiates release of HCI
  • low pH or firing of the SNS will inhibit gastrin
30
Q

Intestinal Phase

A

partially digested food enters the SI and triggers the release of intestinal gastrin

  • distentions of the SI and.or the presence of acidic, fatty, or hypertonic chyme will inhibit secretions - protects the SI from excess acidity and being overwhelmed
  • enterogastric reflex
  • enterogastrones
31
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

short reflexes by the enteric nervous system and long reflexes by the sympathetic and vagus nerve inhibit acid secretion

32
Q

enterogastrones

A

duodenal enteroendocrine cells release secretin or cholecystokinin to inhibit gastric secretions

33
Q

How long does the stomach take to empty

A

4 hours

34
Q

how much L in the stomach before pressure rises

A

1.5L of food

35
Q

Duodenum

A

prevents filling by controlling how much chyme enters - stretch and chemical receptors triggers the enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones to inhibit gastric secretions and to reduce the force of pyloric contractions

36
Q

how long can fatty chyme delay stomach emptying

A

6 hours

37
Q

causes of vomiting

A
  • extreme stretching
  • Intestinal irritants such as bacterial toxins, excessive alcohol, spicy foods, and certain drugs
38
Q

vomiting… slide 11

A
39
Q

liver

A

many functions, but its digestive function is the production of bile

  • produces about 900mL of bile.day
  • processes Bloodborne nutrients, stores fat-soluble vitamins, and performs detoxification
40
Q

bile

A

fat emulsifier

41
Q

gallbladder

A

chief function is the storage bile

42
Q

pancreas

A

supplies most of the enzymes needed to digest chyme as well as bicarbonate needed to neutralize stomach acid

43
Q

the liver is the body’s largest gland and weighs

A

3lbs

44
Q

lobes (liver)

A

right, left caudate, quadrate

45
Q

falciform ligament (liver)

A

separates the larger right lobe from the smaller left lobe and suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

46
Q

round ligament/ligamentum teres (liver)

A

remnant of fetal umbilical vein; runs along the free edge of the falciform ligament

47
Q

biles pathway…(slide 14)

A
48
Q

liver lobules

A
  • hexagonal structural and functional units
  • composed of plates of hepatocytes that filter and process nutrient-rich blood
  • central vein
49
Q

central vein

A

located in the longitudinal axis

50
Q

portal triad

A

located in each corner of the lobule
- hepatic artery
- hepatic portal vein
- bile duct

51
Q

hepatic artery

A

supplies oxygen to the liver

52
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

brings nutrient-rich blood from the intestines

53
Q

bile duct

A

receives bile from canalculi

54
Q

liver sinusoids

A

leaky capillaries located between hepatic plates

55
Q

how does blood move in the liver

A

hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery through the sinusoids to the central vein –> IVC

56
Q

stellate/hepatic macrophages

A

exist in liver sinusoids to remove debris and old RBCs

57
Q

bile

A

yellow-green, alkaline solution

58
Q

what does bile contain

A
  • cholesterol, triglycerides, phopholipids, electrolytes, bile salts, billirubin
59
Q

bile salts

A

cholesterol derivative that function emulsification/absorptionb

60
Q

billirubin

A

yellow pigment formed from Herne during the breakdown of RBCs

  • metabolized by bacteria in the SI to sterocobillin which gives feces a brown color
61
Q

enterohepatic circulation

A

recycling mechanism that conserves bills salts - salts are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver via hepatic portal blood

  • 95% of secreted bile is recycled, 5% newly synthesized
62
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

  • viral infection, but can be caused by alcohol, drug toxicity or wild mushrooms
  • six viruses: A-F; 2 transmitted through food, remainder via blood
63
Q

cirrhosis

A

progressive, chronic inflammation from hepatitis or alcoholism

  • liver activity is depressed
  • liver becomes fatty and fibrous
  • portal hypertension
64
Q

portal hypertension

A

flow of blood through the liver is obstructed

65
Q
A

My notes (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions