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My notes > Digestive Pt 2 > Flashcards

Digestive Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Be prepared to label the different regions and anatomical features of the stomach

A
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2
Q

what is the term for a bolus of food after it is undergoing digestion in the stomach

A

chyme: liquified slurry of food

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3
Q

modified tunics

A
  • muscularis has an added internal, oblique layer to allow increased mixing and churning
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4
Q

secretory cells

A
  • mucus neck cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
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5
Q

mucus neck cells

A

produce thin, soluble mucus

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6
Q

parietal cells

A

produce HCI and secrete intrinsic factor (required to absorb B12)

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7
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen and lipases

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8
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete chemical messengers into the lamina propria as well as gastrin

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9
Q

mucosal barrier

A

produced to protect the stomach
- thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus
- tight junction between epithelial cells
- quickly replacement of damaged mucosal cells by stem cells

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10
Q

peptic/gastric ulcers

A

erosion of the stomach wall - cause gnawing, epigastric pain
- pain appears 1-3 hrs after eating and resolves with eating again
- ulcers are linked to peritonitis and H. pylori

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11
Q

propulsion

A

peristalsis

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12
Q

mechanical breakdown

A

churning

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13
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of proteins by HCI and pepsin (rennin in infants)

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14
Q

absorption

A

only lipid-soluble substances - alcohol and aspirin

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15
Q

secretion of intrinsic factor

A

essential for B12 absorption and maturation of RBCs

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16
Q

which branch of the autonomic nervous system increases gastric secretions

A
  • stimulation by vagus nerve
  • sympathetic Nervous system decreases secretion
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17
Q

gastrin

A
  • stimulate secretion of HCI by the stomach
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18
Q

3 phases of the gastric secretions

A
  • cephalic/reflex phase
  • gastric phase
  • Intestinal phase
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19
Q

cephalic/reflex phase

A

triggered by smell, taste, and sight; act via the vagus nerve

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20
Q

gastric phase

A

triggered by stretch receptors and/or chemical stimuli - partially digested protein, caffeine, rising pH
- activates G cells to secrete gastrin
- gastrin initiates release of HCI
- low pH or firing of the SNS will inhibit gastrin

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21
Q

Intestinal phase

A

partially digested food enters the SI and triggers the release of intestinal gastrin
- distention of the SI and/or presence of acidic, fatty, or hypertonic chyme will inhibit gastric secretions - protects the SI from excess acidity and being overwhelmed

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22
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

short reflexes by the enteric nervous system and long reflexes by the sympathetic and vagus nerves inhibit acid secretion

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23
Q

enterogastrones

A

duodenal enteroendocrine cells release secretin or cholecystokinin to inhibit gastric secretions

24
Q

liver

A

production of bile

25
Q

bile

A

fast emulsifier
- produces 900mL a day
- functions: processes Bloodborne nutrients, stores fat-soluble vitamins, and performs detoxification

26
Q

be prepared to label the lobes of the liver and the two major ligaments

A
27
Q

lobes of liver

A

right, left, caudate, and quadrate

28
Q

falciform ligaments

A

seperates the larger right lobe from the smaller left lobe and suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

29
Q

round ligament/ligamentum teres

A

remnant of fetal umbilical vein; runs along the free edge of the falciform ligament

30
Q

what is the liver’s functional unit

A

liver lobules

31
Q

hepatocytes

A

liver cells

32
Q

portal triad

A

located in each corner of the lobule

  • hepatic artery
  • hepatic portal vein
  • bile duct
33
Q

hepatic artery

A

supplies oxygen to the liver

34
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

brings nutrient-rich blood from the intestines

35
Q

bile duct

A

receives bile from bile canaliculi

36
Q

stellate/hepatic macrophages

A

exist in liver sinusoids to remove debris and old RBCs

37
Q

bile salts

A

cholesterol derivatives that function in fat elmusification/absorption

38
Q

bilirubin

A

yellow pigment formed from heme during the breakdown of RBCs
- metabolized by bacteria in the SI to stercobilin which gives feces a brown color

39
Q

what portion of the SI reabsorbs bile salts for recycling

A

enterohepatic circulation

40
Q

pathway for bile

A
  • right and left hepatic ducts
  • ducts fuse into common hepatic duct
  • fuse with cystic duct
  • common bile duct it combination of cystic duct and common hepatic duct
41
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver - viral infection, can be caused by alcohol, drug toxicity, or wild mushrooms
- transmitted through food, remainder via blood

42
Q

cirrhosis

A

progressive, chronic inflammation from hepatitis or alcoholism
- liver activity is depressed
- liver becomes fatty and fibrous
- portal hypertension

43
Q

portal hypertension

A

flow of blood through the liver is obstructed

44
Q

gall bladder

A
  • thin walled, muscular sac on the inferior surface of the liver
  • appears green when filled with bile
  • functions to store and concentrate bile
45
Q

gallstones

A

obstruct the flow of bile from the gallbladder

46
Q

obstructive jaundice

A

blockage causes bile salts and pigments to build up in blood

47
Q

exocrine function

A

production of pancreatic juice - contains enzymes needed to break down all categories of foodstuffs

48
Q

endocrine function

A

secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells

49
Q

pancreatic juice

A

watery, alkaline solution used to neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach
- contains electrolytes, primarily HCO3
- digestive enzymes

50
Q

is pancreatic juice acidic or basic

A

basic

51
Q

digestive enzymes

A
  • proteases
  • amylase
  • lipase
  • nucleases
52
Q

proteases

A

for proteins; secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion

53
Q

amylase

A

for carbohydrates

54
Q

lipase

A

for lipids

55
Q

nucleases

A

for nucleic acids

56
Q

Be prepared to label the main pancreatic duct, the hepatopancreatic ampulla, and the major duodenal papilla. (slide 23)

A

My notes (11 decks)

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