Heart

Question 1

What are the three layers of pericardium from deep to superficial?

Answer 1

heart chamber - visceral - pericardial cavity - parietal - fibrous

Question 2

Where does the transverse sinus of the pericardial cavity sit?

Answer 2

Behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk, infront of the superior vena cava.

Question 3

Why does the transverse sinus exist?

Answer 3

Due to the looping of the heart tube during foetal development

Question 4

What is the clinical relevance of the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 4

After opening the pericardium a ligature can be placed through the transverse sinus to gain vascular control prior to cannulation of the vessels for cardiopulmonary bypass.

Question 5

Which vessels of the heart carry deoxygenated blood?

Answer 5

SVC
IVC
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries

Question 6

What structures exist in the right atrium?

Answer 6

• Musculi pectinati
• sino-atrial node
• entrance to coronary sinus
• crista terminalis
  -fossa ovalis
• entrance to SVC and IVC

Question 7

What structures exist in the right ventricle?

Answer 7

-tricuspid valve
-chordae tendineae
-pulmonary valve
-papillary muscles
-trabeculae carneae

Question 8

What structures exist in the left atrium?

Answer 8

-left atrial side of fossa ovalis
-left auricular appendage
-smooth internal walls
-entrance of pulmonary veins

Question 9

What structures exist in the left ventricle?

Answer 9

-mitral valve
-chordae tendineae
-interventricular septum
-papillary muscles
-aortic valve

Question 10

What is the musculi pectinati?

Answer 10

The rough muscular wall of the right atrium

Question 11

What is the crista terminalis?

Answer 11

A thick smooth line above the musculi pectinati in the right atrium that spans from the anteromedial wall towards the SVC

Question 12

What is the SAN and where is it situated?

Answer 12

Pacemaker of the heart which determines heart rate, it is located at the junction of the crista terminalis in the upper wall of the right atrium and the opening of the superior vena cava.

Question 13

What is and where is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 13

A remnant of an interatrial opening, the foramen ovale, which has a significant role in fetal circulation, located in the inferior aspect of the right interatrial septum

Question 14

Where is the entrance to the coronary sinus?

Answer 14

The coronary sinus empties directly into the right atrium near the conjunction of the posterior interventricular sulcus and the coronary sulcus

Question 15

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

Answer 15

Between the right atrium and ventricle

Question 16

What is the chordae tendineae?

Answer 16

The chordae tendinae (CT) are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles. These are attached to the leaflets on to the ventricular side and prevent the cusps from swinging back into the atrial cavity during systole.

Question 17

Where is the pulmonary valve located ?

Answer 17

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Question 18

What are the papillary muscles?

Answer 18

The papillary muscles of the heart are pillar-like muscles seen within the cavity of the ventricles, attached to their walls. They attach to the chordae tendinae

Question 19

Where is the trabeculae carneae?

Answer 19

The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or meaty ridges) are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricle of the heart.

Question 20

Where is the left auricular appendage located?

Answer 20

The left atrial appendage (LAA) is derived from the left wall of the primary atrium, which forms during the fourth week of embryonic development.

Question 21

Where is the mitral valve/bicuspid located?

Answer 21

mitral valve: located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Question 22

Where is the aortic valve located?

Answer 22

located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Question 23

What are the physical differences between the right and left ventricles?

Answer 23

The left ventricle has thicker walls and a longer conical cavity, with larger papillary muscles, and the chordae tendineae are attached to 2 valve cusps.
Opposite for right ventricle except chordae tendineae attached to 3 valve cusps

Question 24

Identify the coronary circulation

Answer 24

Did you get it right?

Question 25

Can you identify the following on a prosection?

Answer 25

Arch of aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, r. and l. subclavian artery, r. and l. common carotid a., l.r internal and external carotids.
r.l internal jugular v., r.l subclavian v. , internal jugular, brachiocephallic, svc