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Anatomy Exam '23 > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the anterior cranial fossa?

A

cribiform plate, crista galli, lesser wing of sphenoid, orbital surface

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2
Q

what comprises the middle cranial fossa?

A

optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, formen ovale, superior orbital fissure, pituitary fossa

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3
Q

what comprises the posterior cranial fossa?

A

internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, clivus, foramen magnum

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4
Q

What is the function of nasalis (transverse part)?

A

It compresses the nares

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5
Q

What is the function of procerus?

A

it pulls the eyebrows down

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6
Q

what is the function of zygomaticus major?

A

it draws the angle of the mouth superiorly

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7
Q

what is the function of the buccinator muscle?

A

pulls the cheek inwards

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8
Q

what is the function of the labii superioris?

A

it elevates the upper lip

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9
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (cranial nerve 7)

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10
Q

which cranial foramina does the facial nerve pass through?

A

internal acoustic meatus

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11
Q

What are the main divisions of the facial nerve?

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical

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12
Q

Where do the 5 main divisions of the facial nerve arise?

A

the parotid salivary gland

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13
Q

what is the function of the temporalis (horizontal fibres)

A

it retracts the mandible

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14
Q

what is the function of the masseter?

A

it elevates the mandible

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15
Q

what is the function of the lateral pterygoid?

A

it depresses the mandible

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16
Q

what is the function of the medial pterygoid?

A

it protrudes the mandible

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17
Q

what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5)

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18
Q

which cranial foramen does the trigeminal nerve exit through?

A

foramen ovale

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19
Q

Name the muscles of mastication

A

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid

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20
Q

Name the muscles of facial expression

A

occipitofrontalis, orbicularis occuli, corrugatpr supercilii, nasalis, procerus, depressor septi nasi, orbicularis oris, buccinator, depressor anguli oris, levator anguli oris, risorius, zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, depressor labii inferioris , mentalis, platysma

21
Q

what is the action of the platysma?

A

it depresses the mandible and angle of mouth

22
Q

what is the action of the trapezius?

A

elevates the scapula, retracts the scapula, depresses the scapula, rotates the scapula

23
Q

what is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

cervical rotation, cervical flexion

24
Q

what nerve supplies the trapezius and the sternocliedomastoid?

A

the accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11)

25
Q

How would you examine cranial nerve 11?

A

Ask the patient to shrug their shoulders and rotate their head against resistance

26
Q

What is different about the origin of the left and right common carotid arteries?

A

the left common carotid typically emerges immediately from the arch of the aorta, whereas the right common carotid arises from the brachiocephalic/innominate artery an intermediate branch between the arch of the aorta and right common carotid

27
Q

At what vertebral level do the common carotids bifurcate?

A

C3/C4

28
Q

which vessel (internal or external carotid) supplies structures within the neck and face?

A

external carotid

29
Q

where does the internal jugular vein begin?

A

as a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen

30
Q

which structures can be found within the carotid sheath?

A

internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, vagus nerve

31
Q

where do the internal jugular veins drain to?

A

left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively, the internal jugular unites with the subclavian

32
Q

which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins

A

internal dural venous system

33
Q

Which 6 extra-occular muscles are responsible for the movement of the eyeball?

A

4 x rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral)
2 x oblique muscles (superior, inferior)

34
Q

Which structures on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity assist with heating air?

A

nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)

35
Q

which structures form the nasal septum?

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, and nasal septal cartillage

36
Q

what are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

A

maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses

37
Q

what are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

superior - hard and soft pallate
inferior - muscular diaphragm (mylohyoid muscles) and tongue
medial and lateral - buccinator muscles lined by oral mucose

38
Q

at which point do the nasal cavities and oral cavity become continuos?

A

nasopharynx

39
Q

what is Waldeyer’s ring and which structures associated with this can be found within the oral cavity?

A

a ring of lymphoid tissue found in the throat, consisting of pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

40
Q

what is the start and end of the nasopharynx?

A

base of sphenoid sinus to soft pallate

41
Q

what is the start and end of the oropharynx?

A

tip of soft pallate to tip of epiglottis

42
Q

what is the start and end of the laryngopharynx?

A

Tip of epiglottis to the inferior border of cricoid cartillage

43
Q

What are the circular muscles of the pharynx?

A

superior, middle, inferior constrictor

44
Q

what is the fucntion of the circular muscles of the pharynx?

A

decrease the diameter of the pharynx and propel food along the pharynx towards the oesophagus

45
Q

what are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

stylopharyngeus
salpinopharygneus
palatopharyngeus

46
Q

what structures does the thyrohyoid membrane run between?

A

thyroid cartillage and hyoid bone

47
Q

what structures does the cricothyroid ligament run between?

A

cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

48
Q

what is the action of the cricothyroid muscle and how does it effect phonation

A

action - tension and elongation of the vocal folds, results in higher pitch phonation

49
Q

what are the notable differences in the course of the vagus nerve between the left and right sides of the neck?

A

the vagus nerve travels bilaterally down the neck, within the carotid sheath, on the left hand side the nerve descends into the thorax and gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve after coursing around the arch of the aorta. on the right hand side the vagus nerve courses around the right subclavian artery before giving rise to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Anatomy Exam '23 (14 decks)

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