Head and Neck

Question 1

What comprises the anterior cranial fossa?

Answer 1

cribiform plate, crista galli, lesser wing of sphenoid, orbital surface

Question 2

what comprises the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 2

optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, formen ovale, superior orbital fissure, pituitary fossa

Question 3

what comprises the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 3

internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, clivus, foramen magnum

Question 4

What is the function of nasalis (transverse part)?

Answer 4

It compresses the nares

Question 5

What is the function of procerus?

Answer 5

it pulls the eyebrows down

Question 6

what is the function of zygomaticus major?

Answer 6

it draws the angle of the mouth superiorly

Question 7

what is the function of the buccinator muscle?

Answer 7

pulls the cheek inwards

Question 8

what is the function of the labii superioris?

Answer 8

it elevates the upper lip

Question 9

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 9

Facial nerve (cranial nerve 7)

Question 10

which cranial foramina does the facial nerve pass through?

Answer 10

internal acoustic meatus

Question 11

What are the main divisions of the facial nerve?

Answer 11

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical

Question 12

Where do the 5 main divisions of the facial nerve arise?

Answer 12

the parotid salivary gland

Question 13

what is the function of the temporalis (horizontal fibres)

Answer 13

it retracts the mandible

Question 14

what is the function of the masseter?

Answer 14

it elevates the mandible

Question 15

what is the function of the lateral pterygoid?

Answer 15

it depresses the mandible

Question 16

what is the function of the medial pterygoid?

Answer 16

it protrudes the mandible

Question 17

what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Answer 17

the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5)

Question 18

which cranial foramen does the trigeminal nerve exit through?

Answer 18

foramen ovale

Question 19

Name the muscles of mastication

Answer 19

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid

Question 20

Name the muscles of facial expression

Answer 20

occipitofrontalis, orbicularis occuli, corrugatpr supercilii, nasalis, procerus, depressor septi nasi, orbicularis oris, buccinator, depressor anguli oris, levator anguli oris, risorius, zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, levator labii superioris, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, depressor labii inferioris , mentalis, platysma

Question 21

what is the action of the platysma?

Answer 21

it depresses the mandible and angle of mouth

Question 22

what is the action of the trapezius?

Answer 22

elevates the scapula, retracts the scapula, depresses the scapula, rotates the scapula

Question 23

what is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 23

cervical rotation, cervical flexion

Question 24

what nerve supplies the trapezius and the sternocliedomastoid?

Answer 24

the accessory nerve (cranial nerve 11)

Question 25

How would you examine cranial nerve 11?

Answer 25

Ask the patient to shrug their shoulders and rotate their head against resistance

Question 26

What is different about the origin of the left and right common carotid arteries?

Answer 26

the left common carotid typically emerges immediately from the arch of the aorta, whereas the right common carotid arises from the brachiocephalic/innominate artery an intermediate branch between the arch of the aorta and right common carotid

Question 27

At what vertebral level do the common carotids bifurcate?

Answer 27

C3/C4

Question 28

which vessel (internal or external carotid) supplies structures within the neck and face?

Answer 28

external carotid

Question 29

where does the internal jugular vein begin?

Answer 29

as a continuation of the sigmoid sinus, at the jugular foramen

Question 30

which structures can be found within the carotid sheath?

Answer 30

internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, vagus nerve

Question 31

where do the internal jugular veins drain to?

Answer 31

left and right brachiocephalic veins respectively, the internal jugular unites with the subclavian

Question 32

which specialised system drains venous blood from the brain and meninges back towards the internal jugular veins

Answer 32

internal dural venous system

Question 33

Which 6 extra-occular muscles are responsible for the movement of the eyeball?

Answer 33

4 x rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) 2 x oblique muscles (superior, inferior)

Question 34

Which structures on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity assist with heating air?

Answer 34

nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)

Question 35

which structures form the nasal septum?

Answer 35

perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, and nasal septal cartillage

Question 36

what are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 36

maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses

Question 37

what are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

Answer 37

superior - hard and soft pallate inferior - muscular diaphragm (mylohyoid muscles) and tongue medial and lateral - buccinator muscles lined by oral mucose

Question 38

at which point do the nasal cavities and oral cavity become continuos?

Answer 38

nasopharynx

Question 39

what is Waldeyer's ring and which structures associated with this can be found within the oral cavity?

Answer 39

a ring of lymphoid tissue found in the throat, consisting of pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

Question 40

what is the start and end of the nasopharynx?

Answer 40

base of sphenoid sinus to soft pallate

Question 41

what is the start and end of the oropharynx?

Answer 41

tip of soft pallate to tip of epiglottis

Question 42

what is the start and end of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 42

Tip of epiglottis to the inferior border of cricoid cartillage

Question 43

What are the circular muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 43

superior, middle, inferior constrictor

Question 44

what is the fucntion of the circular muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 44

decrease the diameter of the pharynx and propel food along the pharynx towards the oesophagus

Question 45

what are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 45

stylopharyngeus salpinopharygneus palatopharyngeus

Question 46

what structures does the thyrohyoid membrane run between?

Answer 46

thyroid cartillage and hyoid bone

Question 47

what structures does the cricothyroid ligament run between?

Answer 47

cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

Question 48

what is the action of the cricothyroid muscle and how does it effect phonation

Answer 48

action - tension and elongation of the vocal folds, results in higher pitch phonation

Question 49

what are the notable differences in the course of the vagus nerve between the left and right sides of the neck?

Answer 49

the vagus nerve travels bilaterally down the neck, within the carotid sheath, on the left hand side the nerve descends into the thorax and gives off the recurrent laryngeal nerve after coursing around the arch of the aorta. on the right hand side the vagus nerve courses around the right subclavian artery before giving rise to the recurrent laryngeal nerve