Heart

Question 1

What are the 2 types of valves?

Answer 1

• atrioventricular

- semilunar

Question 2

What are the 2 AV valves?

Answer 2

• tricuspid

- mitral

Question 3

Where is the triscuspid valve?

Answer 3

separates right atrium from right ventricle

Question 4

Where is the mitral valve?

Answer 4

separates left atrium from left ventricle

Question 5

What are the 2 types of semilunar valves?

Answer 5

• pulmonary

- aortic

Question 6

Where is the pulmonary valve?

Answer 6

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 7

Where is the aortic valve?

Answer 7

between left ventricle and aorta

Question 8

right atrial pressure (Rap)

right ventricular pressure (Rvp)

left atrial pressure (Lap)

left ventricular pressure (Lvp)

pulmonary artery pressure (Pap)

aortic pressure (Aop)

Answer 8

–

Question 9

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 9

pressures, volumes, and sounds as heart goes through one cycle of contraction and relaxation

Question 10

When does the tricuspid valve open?

Answer 10

when Rap > Rvp

Question 11

When does the pulmonary valve open?

Answer 11

when Rvp > Pap

Question 12

When does the mitral valve open?

Answer 12

when Lap > Lvp

Question 13

When does the aortic valve open?

Answer 13

when Lvp > Aop

Question 14

What is diastole?

Answer 14

ventricular relaxation and filling – dilation

• blood from body enters heart

Question 15

What are the 2 parts of diastole?

Answer 15

• isovolumetric relaxation

- ventricular filling

Question 16

What happens to valves and pressure during isovolumetric relaxation?

Answer 16

• both AV valves and semilunar valves closed

- ventricular pressure is decreasing

Question 17

What happens to valves and volume during ventricular filling?

Answer 17

• AV valves opened
• semilunar valves closed
• ventricular volume is increasing

Question 18

What is systole?

Answer 18

ventricular contraction and ejection – contraction

Question 19

What are the 2 parts of systole?

Answer 19

• isovolumetric contraction

- ventricular ejection

Question 20

What happens to valves and pressure during isovolumetric contraction?

Answer 20

• both AV valves and semilunar valves closed

- ventricular pressure is rising

Question 21

What happens to valves and volume during ventricular ejection?

Answer 21

• AV valves closed
• semilunar valves opened
• ventricular volume decreasing – blood is being pumped out

Question 22

What does a Wiggers diagram show?

Answer 22

• ECG
• blood pressure
• ventricular volume
• heart sounds

Question 23

What is the P wave of an ECG?

Answer 23

atrial contraction

Question 24

What is the QRS wave of an ECG?

Answer 24

ventricular contraction

Question 25

What is the T wave of an ECG?

Answer 25

relaxation of heart

Question 26

When does blood pressure increase?

Answer 26

during systole

Question 27

When does blood pressure decrease?

Answer 27

during diastole

Question 28

What is the dicrotic notch?

Answer 28

after effect on pressure – something may be pushing back against

Question 29

When does ventricular volume increase?

Answer 29

diastole

Question 30

When does ventricular volume decrease?

Answer 30

systole

Question 31

What is the first heart sound (S1)?

Answer 31

closure of AV valves in early systole

Question 32

What is the loudness of S1 determined by?

Answer 32

(in part) determined by how far apart leaflets are before next systole

Question 33

When is S1 louder?

Answer 33

when heart rate is faster

Question 34

What is the second heart sound (S2)?

Answer 34

closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

Question 35

When is S2 heard as only one sound?

Answer 35

during expiration

Question 36

When is S2 heard as two sounds?

Answer 36

during inspiration

Question 37

What are the two sounds of S2 during inspiration?

Answer 37

physiological splitting of S2 aortic closure, then pulmonary closure

Question 38

Physiological Splitting Describe how the two S2 sounds are produced.

Answer 38

enhanced venous return to right heart and lungs prolongs RV ejection → DELAYS PULMONARY VALVE CLOSURE - when you breathe, more blood is drawn and pumped into lungs reduced venous return to left heart shortens LV ejection → AORTIC VALVE CLOSES EARLIER - more blood has entered lungs, reducing amount of blood returning to left side

Question 39

What is a murmur?

Answer 39

sound that you hear as a result from turbulent flow in heart

Question 40

Murmurs What is aortic stenosis?

Answer 40

normal flow across narrowed valve

Question 41

Murmurs What is mitral regurgitation?

Answer 41

flow across valve that doesn’t close correctly

Question 42

Murmurs What is a ventricular septal defect?

Answer 42

flow through hole, from high pressure to low pressure chamber

Question 43

What happens in a heart with ventricular septal defect?

Answer 43

from left ventricle: - some blood gets pumped to body - some blood gets pumped to right ventricle – increases blood flow to lungs, which gets circulated through the cycle again

Question 44

What happens to the structure of the heart as a result of a ventricular septal defect?

Answer 44

left heart enlargement - due to more force/work being done by this side of the heart - hypertrophy of heart – **does NOT mean more efficient, it can cause other problems