Heart Flashcards
What are the 2 types of valves?
- atrioventricular
- semilunar
What are the 2 AV valves?
- tricuspid
- mitral
Where is the triscuspid valve?
separates right atrium from right ventricle
Where is the mitral valve?
separates left atrium from left ventricle
What are the 2 types of semilunar valves?
- pulmonary
- aortic
Where is the pulmonary valve?
between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Where is the aortic valve?
between left ventricle and aorta
right atrial pressure (Rap)
right ventricular pressure (Rvp)
left atrial pressure (Lap)
left ventricular pressure (Lvp)
pulmonary artery pressure (Pap)
aortic pressure (Aop)
–
What is the cardiac cycle?
pressures, volumes, and sounds as heart goes through one cycle of contraction and relaxation
When does the tricuspid valve open?
when Rap > Rvp
When does the pulmonary valve open?
when Rvp > Pap
When does the mitral valve open?
when Lap > Lvp
When does the aortic valve open?
when Lvp > Aop
What is diastole?
ventricular relaxation and filling – dilation
- blood from body enters heart
What are the 2 parts of diastole?
- isovolumetric relaxation
- ventricular filling
What happens to valves and pressure during isovolumetric relaxation?
- both AV valves and semilunar valves closed
- ventricular pressure is decreasing
What happens to valves and volume during ventricular filling?
- AV valves opened
- semilunar valves closed
- ventricular volume is increasing
What is systole?
ventricular contraction and ejection – contraction
What are the 2 parts of systole?
- isovolumetric contraction
- ventricular ejection
What happens to valves and pressure during isovolumetric contraction?
- both AV valves and semilunar valves closed
- ventricular pressure is rising
What happens to valves and volume during ventricular ejection?
- AV valves closed
- semilunar valves opened
- ventricular volume decreasing – blood is being pumped out
What does a Wiggers diagram show?
- ECG
- blood pressure
- ventricular volume
- heart sounds
What is the P wave of an ECG?
atrial contraction
What is the QRS wave of an ECG?
ventricular contraction
What is the T wave of an ECG?
relaxation of heart
When does blood pressure increase?
during systole
When does blood pressure decrease?
during diastole
What is the dicrotic notch?
after effect on pressure – something may be pushing back against
When does ventricular volume increase?
diastole
When does ventricular volume decrease?
systole
What is the first heart sound (S1)?
closure of AV valves in early systole
What is the loudness of S1 determined by?
(in part) determined by how far apart leaflets are before next systole
When is S1 louder?
when heart rate is faster
What is the second heart sound (S2)?
closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)
When is S2 heard as only one sound?
during expiration
When is S2 heard as two sounds?
during inspiration
What are the two sounds of S2 during inspiration?
physiological splitting of S2
aortic closure, then pulmonary closure
Physiological Splitting
Describe how the two S2 sounds are produced.
enhanced venous return to right heart and lungs prolongs RV ejection → DELAYS PULMONARY VALVE CLOSURE
- when you breathe, more blood is drawn and pumped into lungs
reduced venous return to left heart shortens LV ejection → AORTIC VALVE CLOSES EARLIER
- more blood has entered lungs, reducing amount of blood returning to left side
What is a murmur?
sound that you hear as a result from turbulent flow in heart
Murmurs
What is aortic stenosis?
normal flow across narrowed valve
Murmurs
What is mitral regurgitation?
flow across valve that doesn’t close correctly
Murmurs
What is a ventricular septal defect?
flow through hole, from high pressure to low pressure chamber
What happens in a heart with ventricular septal defect?
from left ventricle:
- some blood gets pumped to body
- some blood gets pumped to right ventricle – increases blood flow to lungs, which gets circulated through the cycle again
What happens to the structure of the heart as a result of a ventricular septal defect?
left heart enlargement
- due to more force/work being done by this side of the heart
- hypertrophy of heart – **does NOT mean more efficient, it can cause other problems
