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+ CAPS 301: Muscle, Bodily Fluid, Cardio > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of valves?

A
  • atrioventricular

- semilunar

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2
Q

What are the 2 AV valves?

A
  • tricuspid

- mitral

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3
Q

Where is the triscuspid valve?

A

separates right atrium from right ventricle

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4
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

separates left atrium from left ventricle

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of semilunar valves?

A
  • pulmonary

- aortic

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6
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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7
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

between left ventricle and aorta

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8
Q

right atrial pressure (Rap)

right ventricular pressure (Rvp)

left atrial pressure (Lap)

left ventricular pressure (Lvp)

pulmonary artery pressure (Pap)

aortic pressure (Aop)

A

–

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9
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

pressures, volumes, and sounds as heart goes through one cycle of contraction and relaxation

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10
Q

When does the tricuspid valve open?

A

when Rap > Rvp

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11
Q

When does the pulmonary valve open?

A

when Rvp > Pap

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12
Q

When does the mitral valve open?

A

when Lap > Lvp

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13
Q

When does the aortic valve open?

A

when Lvp > Aop

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14
Q

What is diastole?

A

ventricular relaxation and filling – dilation

  • blood from body enters heart
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15
Q

What are the 2 parts of diastole?

A
  • isovolumetric relaxation

- ventricular filling

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16
Q

What happens to valves and pressure during isovolumetric relaxation?

A
  • both AV valves and semilunar valves closed

- ventricular pressure is decreasing

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17
Q

What happens to valves and volume during ventricular filling?

A
  • AV valves opened
  • semilunar valves closed
  • ventricular volume is increasing
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18
Q

What is systole?

A

ventricular contraction and ejection – contraction

19
Q

What are the 2 parts of systole?

A
  • isovolumetric contraction

- ventricular ejection

20
Q

What happens to valves and pressure during isovolumetric contraction?

A
  • both AV valves and semilunar valves closed

- ventricular pressure is rising

21
Q

What happens to valves and volume during ventricular ejection?

A
  • AV valves closed
  • semilunar valves opened
  • ventricular volume decreasing – blood is being pumped out
22
Q

What does a Wiggers diagram show?

A
  • ECG
  • blood pressure
  • ventricular volume
  • heart sounds
23
Q

What is the P wave of an ECG?

A

atrial contraction

24
Q

What is the QRS wave of an ECG?

A

ventricular contraction

25
Q

What is the T wave of an ECG?

A

relaxation of heart

26
Q

When does blood pressure increase?

A

during systole

27
Q

When does blood pressure decrease?

A

during diastole

28
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

after effect on pressure – something may be pushing back against

29
Q

When does ventricular volume increase?

A

diastole

30
Q

When does ventricular volume decrease?

A

systole

31
Q

What is the first heart sound (S1)?

A

closure of AV valves in early systole

32
Q

What is the loudness of S1 determined by?

A

(in part) determined by how far apart leaflets are before next systole

33
Q

When is S1 louder?

A

when heart rate is faster

34
Q

What is the second heart sound (S2)?

A

closure of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

35
Q

When is S2 heard as only one sound?

A

during expiration

36
Q

When is S2 heard as two sounds?

A

during inspiration

37
Q

What are the two sounds of S2 during inspiration?

A

physiological splitting of S2

aortic closure, then pulmonary closure

38
Q

Physiological Splitting

Describe how the two S2 sounds are produced.

A

enhanced venous return to right heart and lungs prolongs RV ejection → DELAYS PULMONARY VALVE CLOSURE
- when you breathe, more blood is drawn and pumped into lungs

reduced venous return to left heart shortens LV ejection → AORTIC VALVE CLOSES EARLIER
- more blood has entered lungs, reducing amount of blood returning to left side

39
Q

What is a murmur?

A

sound that you hear as a result from turbulent flow in heart

40
Q

Murmurs

What is aortic stenosis?

A

normal flow across narrowed valve

41
Q

Murmurs

What is mitral regurgitation?

A

flow across valve that doesn’t close correctly

42
Q

Murmurs

What is a ventricular septal defect?

A

flow through hole, from high pressure to low pressure chamber

43
Q

What happens in a heart with ventricular septal defect?

A

from left ventricle:

  • some blood gets pumped to body
  • some blood gets pumped to right ventricle – increases blood flow to lungs, which gets circulated through the cycle again
44
Q

What happens to the structure of the heart as a result of a ventricular septal defect?

A

left heart enlargement

  • due to more force/work being done by this side of the heart
  • hypertrophy of heart – **does NOT mean more efficient, it can cause other problems

+ CAPS 301: Muscle, Bodily Fluid, Cardio (13 decks)

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