Blood

Question 1

What are the major components of blood?

Answer 1

• plasma

- cellular elements

Question 2

What are the 3 cellular elements of blood?

Answer 2

• RBC (erythrocytes)
• WBC (monocytes, granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils), lymphocytes)
• platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 3

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 3

transport

• respiration
• nutrition
• excretion
• homeostasis
• communication

protection

• hemostasis
• immune

Question 4

What is the respiration function of blood?

Answer 4

transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissue

Question 5

What is the nutrition function of blood?

Answer 5

transports nutrients from gut to tissues, between organs

Question 6

What is the excretion function of blood?

Answer 6

transports metabolic waste to kidneys, intestines, or lungs for removal

Question 7

What is the homeostasis function of blood?

Answer 7

maintaining body fluid volume, pH, and temperature

Question 8

What is the communication function of blood?

Answer 8

transport of hormones

Question 9

What is the hemostasis function of blood?

Answer 9

prevention of blood loss

Question 10

What is the immune function of blood?

Answer 10

plasma and blood cells are involved in immune response

Question 11

What is the composition of blood volume?

Answer 11

plasma volume (no cells): 55-60%

hematocrit (red blood cells): 40-45%

buffy coat (white blood cells, platelets): < 1%

Question 12

What cells does plasma contain?

Answer 12

none

Question 13

What cells does hematocrit contain?

Answer 13

RBC

Question 14

What cells does buffy coat contain?

Answer 14

WBC

platelets

Question 15

What is blood volume?

Answer 15

plasma volume + hematocrit

~ 5.5 L ≈ 3.0 L plasma (55%) + 2.5 L hematocrit (45%)

Question 16

What happens to plasma volume in dehydration?

Answer 16

loss of plasma volume

Question 17

What are 2 conditions with altered hematocrit?

Answer 17

• anemia

- polycythemia

Question 18

What happens to hematocrit in anemia?

Answer 18

less RBCs to carry oxygen

- decreases viscosity (thins) blood

Question 19

What is a symptom of anemia?

Answer 19

fatigue due to reduced oxygen delivery (less oxygen-carrying capacity)

Question 20

What is polycythemia?

Answer 20

more RBCs

- increases viscosity of blood – thicker

Question 21

What is polycythemia a risk for?

Answer 21

blood clots

Question 22

What are some causes of polycythemia?

Answer 22

• living at high altitude, you will have sustained oxygen deprivation – body will produce more RBCs
• tumour

Question 23

How is blood volume estimated?

Answer 23

indicator dilution method

Question 24

What is the Indicator Dilution Method?

Answer 24

• known concentration of indicator (dye or radioactive substance) is injected into blood stream
• indicator must be specific to plasma (not able to move to other fluid compartments)
• once substance has reached steady-state in plasma and sample is taken, and indicator concentration is measured

Question 25

What are the 3 classifications of blood proteins based on?

Answer 25

electrophoretic mobility

Question 26

What are the 3 classifications of blood proteins?

Answer 26

- albumin - globulin - fibrinogen

Question 27

What are the proteins in blood that are globulins?

Answer 27

- lipoproteins - glycoproteins - coagulation factors - immunoglobulins - complement

Question 28

What does albumin do?

Answer 28

- maintains oncotic pressure in vessels (opposes fluid loss from vessels as they cross capillary beds) - transport

Question 29

What do lipoproteins do?

Answer 29

lipid transport

Question 30

What are the 3 types of glycoproteins in blood?

Answer 30

- transferrin - haptoglobins - ceruloplasmin

Question 31

What does transferrin do?

Answer 31

Fe3+ binding

Question 32

What does haptoglobin do?

Answer 32

hemoglobin binding

Question 33

What does ceruloplasmin do?

Answer 33

Cu2+ binding oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+

Question 34

What do coagulation factors do?

Answer 34

hemostasis

Question 35

What is coagulation factor 1?

Answer 35

fibrinogen NOT considered globulin with other coagulation factors

Question 36

What do immunoglobulins do?

Answer 36

immune response

Question 37

What do complement proteins do?

Answer 37

immune response

Question 38

What do hormones do?

Answer 38

regulation of various physiological functions

Question 39

Which cellular components of blood lack nuclei?

Answer 39

erythrocytes thrombocytes

Question 40

What do monocytes do?

Answer 40

- involved in counteracting pathogens | - differentiate into macrophages, which are involved in phagocytosis

Question 41

What do neutrophils and basophils do?

Answer 41

primarily involved in fighting bacteria and fungi

Question 42

What do eosinophils do?

Answer 42

involved in fighting parasites and viruses

Question 43

What do lymphocytes (B and T cells) do?

Answer 43

involved in directed immune response

Question 44

Why do females have less hematocrit and hemoglobin?

Answer 44

due to loss of blood during menstruation

Question 45

What does testosterone do?

Answer 45

promotes RBC synthesis

Question 46

What does estrogen do?

Answer 46

reduces RBC synthesis

Question 47

Where does differentiation of blood cells occur?

Answer 47

in bone marrow

Question 48

Where does the last step of T cell differentiation occur?

Answer 48

in thymus

Question 49

Where does the last step of B cell differentiation occur?

Answer 49

in bone marrow

Question 50

Where does the last step of all cell differentiation (except T and B cells) occur?

Answer 50

in blood stream