Blood Flashcards
What are the major components of blood?
- plasma
- cellular elements
What are the 3 cellular elements of blood?
- RBC (erythrocytes)
- WBC (monocytes, granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils), lymphocytes)
- platelets (thrombocytes)
What are the functions of blood?
transport
- respiration
- nutrition
- excretion
- homeostasis
- communication
protection
- hemostasis
- immune
What is the respiration function of blood?
transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissue
What is the nutrition function of blood?
transports nutrients from gut to tissues, between organs
What is the excretion function of blood?
transports metabolic waste to kidneys, intestines, or lungs for removal
What is the homeostasis function of blood?
maintaining body fluid volume, pH, and temperature
What is the communication function of blood?
transport of hormones
What is the hemostasis function of blood?
prevention of blood loss
What is the immune function of blood?
plasma and blood cells are involved in immune response
What is the composition of blood volume?
plasma volume (no cells): 55-60%
hematocrit (red blood cells): 40-45%
buffy coat (white blood cells, platelets): < 1%
What cells does plasma contain?
none
What cells does hematocrit contain?
RBC
What cells does buffy coat contain?
WBC
platelets
What is blood volume?
plasma volume + hematocrit
~ 5.5 L ≈ 3.0 L plasma (55%) + 2.5 L hematocrit (45%)
What happens to plasma volume in dehydration?
loss of plasma volume
What are 2 conditions with altered hematocrit?
- anemia
- polycythemia
What happens to hematocrit in anemia?
less RBCs to carry oxygen
- decreases viscosity (thins) blood
What is a symptom of anemia?
fatigue due to reduced oxygen delivery (less oxygen-carrying capacity)
What is polycythemia?
more RBCs
- increases viscosity of blood – thicker
What is polycythemia a risk for?
blood clots
What are some causes of polycythemia?
- living at high altitude, you will have sustained oxygen deprivation – body will produce more RBCs
- tumour
How is blood volume estimated?
indicator dilution method
What is the Indicator Dilution Method?
- known concentration of indicator (dye or radioactive substance) is injected into blood stream
- indicator must be specific to plasma (not able to move to other fluid compartments)
- once substance has reached steady-state in plasma and sample is taken, and indicator concentration is measured
What are the 3 classifications of blood proteins based on?
electrophoretic mobility
What are the 3 classifications of blood proteins?
- albumin
- globulin
- fibrinogen
What are the proteins in blood that are globulins?
- lipoproteins
- glycoproteins
- coagulation factors
- immunoglobulins
- complement
What does albumin do?
- maintains oncotic pressure in vessels (opposes fluid loss from vessels as they cross capillary beds)
- transport
What do lipoproteins do?
lipid transport
What are the 3 types of glycoproteins in blood?
- transferrin
- haptoglobins
- ceruloplasmin
What does transferrin do?
Fe3+ binding
What does haptoglobin do?
hemoglobin binding
What does ceruloplasmin do?
Cu2+ binding
oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+
What do coagulation factors do?
hemostasis
What is coagulation factor 1?
fibrinogen
NOT considered globulin with other coagulation factors
What do immunoglobulins do?
immune response
What do complement proteins do?
immune response
What do hormones do?
regulation of various physiological functions
Which cellular components of blood lack nuclei?
erythrocytes
thrombocytes
What do monocytes do?
- involved in counteracting pathogens
- differentiate into macrophages, which are involved in phagocytosis
What do neutrophils and basophils do?
primarily involved in fighting bacteria and fungi
What do eosinophils do?
involved in fighting parasites and viruses
What do lymphocytes (B and T cells) do?
involved in directed immune response
Why do females have less hematocrit and hemoglobin?
due to loss of blood during menstruation
What does testosterone do?
promotes RBC synthesis
What does estrogen do?
reduces RBC synthesis
Where does differentiation of blood cells occur?
in bone marrow
Where does the last step of T cell differentiation occur?
in thymus
Where does the last step of B cell differentiation occur?
in bone marrow
Where does the last step of all cell differentiation (except T and B cells) occur?
in blood stream
