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+ CAPS 301: Muscle, Bodily Fluid, Cardio > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the basic vessel architecture.

A
  • outer layer
  • middle layer
  • inner layer
  • lumen
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2
Q

What is the outer layer of a vessel?

A

connective tissue / fat (adventitia)

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3
Q

What is the middle layer of a vessel?

A

smooth muscle & elastic tissue (media)

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4
Q

What is the inner layer of a vessel?

A

primarily endothelium (intima)

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5
Q

What is the lumen?

A

small central space in vessel through which blood/fluid flows

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6
Q

What are arterioles?

A

‘resistance’ vessels

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7
Q

In what state are arterioles at rest?

A

partially constricted

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8
Q

What does smooth muscle of arterioles do?

A

causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles

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9
Q

What is the blood flow through arterioles determined by?

A

constriction or dilation from nerves and hormones

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10
Q

What do arterioles play a critical role in?

A

controlling blood pressure

  • flexibility in blood pressure control
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11
Q

How is blood pressure maintained?

A

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

  • blood is pumped from heart into closed loop of collapsible tubes
  • pressure in this circuit is determined largely by:
    (1) volume of blood in arterioles
    (2) how relaxed (dilated) or contracted (constricted) arterioles are
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12
Q

What determines vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles?

A

neural control of arteriolar diameter – SNS

PSNS is insignificant

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13
Q

What determines vasoconstriction of arterioles?

A

(SNS)

noradrenaline – from sympathetic nerves going to different organs

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14
Q

What determines vasodilation of arterioles?

A

(SNS)

adrenaline – from adrenal gland on top of kidney

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15
Q

Noradrenaline Pathway for Vasoconstriction in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

A

–

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16
Q

Adrenaline Pathway for Vasodilation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

A

–

17
Q

What are the vasoactive hormone constrictors? (2)

A
  • angiotensin II (AII) – from kidney

- arginine vasopressin (AVP) – from brain

18
Q

What is the vasoactive hormone dilator?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) – from heart

19
Q

What is an example of a vasoactive mechanism?

A

metabolic regulation of blood flow

20
Q

What is metabolic regulation of blood flow?

A

tissue metabolites are released by active cells, and cause local vasodilation

ie. decrease O2, increase CO2, increase adenosine, increase K+

21
Q

How is coronary circulation regulated?

A

largely due to metabolic regulation of blood flow

22
Q

When is coronary circulation diminished? Why?

A

diminished in systole due to mechanical contraction – more in left ventricle than right

23
Q

What happens when there is insufficient blood supply (and O2) to cardiac muscle?

A

chest pain (angina)

ischemia (↓ O2) goes to afferent nerve endings, then to brain, is perceived as painful stimuli, results in heart attack

24
Q

What causes insufficient blood supply (and O2) to cardiac muscle?

A
  • coronary artery spasm (drugs/alcohol)

- coronary artery narrowing (plaque formation)

25
Q

How is cerebral circulation regulated?

A

large amount of metabolic regulation of blood flow

  • very responsive to low O2 tension
  • ie. if O2 drops, vasodilation allows more oxygenated blood to travel to that area and take away metabolites
26
Q

What is regional cerebral circulation linked to?

A

brain activity

ie. neurons being used a lot in a certain area produces lots of CO2, and uses lots of O2

27
Q

Where do fibrous plaques develop?

A

in intima with necrotic core of cholesterol

28
Q

How does plaque impact blood flow?

A
  • plaque may project into lumen, reducing blood flow

- plaque can rupture, sending embolus downstream and resulting in complete occlusion

29
Q

What is an angioplasty/stenting?

A

opening a narrowed vessel

30
Q

What is a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)?

A

replacing a narrowed or blocked artery

+ CAPS 301: Muscle, Bodily Fluid, Cardio (13 decks)

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