health psych - stereotypes + mental health + adherence to treatment

Question 1

stereotypes (cognitive)

Answer 1

organisation of knowledge in Schemata (plan)
energy saving, allows anticipation, avoid information over-flow + right ‘most of the time’
but, overlooks the INDIVIDUAL

Question 2

prejudice (evaluative)

Answer 2

pre-judgement often based on negative stereotypes

Question 3

discrimination (behaviour)

Answer 3

behaving differently with people from different groups because of their MEMBERSHIP

Question 4

more likely to rely on stereotypes when…

Answer 4

under time pressure
fatigues
suffering from information overload
unfamiliar circumstances

Question 5

can avoid prejudice + discrimination by…

Answer 5

getting to know members of other groups

reflective practice

Question 6

mental health: anxiety + depression common in chronic illness, important to treat because…

Answer 6

compromises QoL
patients cope less well with treatment
association with poor HRB e.g. drinking, smoking
association with lower ADHERENCE to treatment
increased risk of MORBIDity + MORTAlity

Question 7

problems recognising psychological problems

Answer 7

1. patients may not disclose:
   avoid being judged as inadequate / failing to cope
   avoid complaining / presenting additional burden
   fear of stigma
   believe psych problems are part of their illness
   fear of consequences - more medication
   doctor’s poor communication skills
   lack of time in consultation
2. health professionals may not ask:
   believe psych problems are outside of their role / fear of overwhelming distress of the patients
   reluctance to label patients as having psych difficulties

Question 8

psychological interventions

Answer 8

CBT
psychoanalytic / psychodynamic therapies
humanistic therapy

Question 9

CBT (cognitive behaviour therapy)

Answer 9

change maladaptive thoughts, beliefs + behaviour, focus on ‘THERE + NOW’
suitable for: Depressions, Anxiety, Phobias, Eating disorders, schizophrenia
people need to be Willing to ENGAGE actively / collaboratively + can articulate problems

Question 10

psychoanalytic / psychodynamic therapies

Answer 10

address Unconscious CONFLICTS + resolve Previous Painful experiences
suitable: interpersonal / personality problems (people with the capacity to tolerate mental pain + interest in self-exploration)
(making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight)

Question 11

humanistic therapy

Answer 11

warmth, empathy, unconditional positive regard

suitable: life events, MILD depression, anxiety + stress

Question 12

adherence to treatment: compliance

Answer 12

extent to which the Patient COMPLIES with Medical Advice

Question 13

adherence to treatment: adherence

Answer 13

extent to which patient behaviour COINCIDES with medical advice

Question 14

adherence to treatment: concordance

Answer 14

NEOGOTIATION between patient + doctor over Treatment Regimes
implies patient is ACTIVE + in partnership with doctor
patient’s Beliefs + Priorities are respected + decisions are shared
trying to be incorporated into clinical practice more + more

Question 15

Ley’s model fo compliance

Answer 15

understanding + memory –> satisfaction –> compliance

Question 16

unintentional non-adherence

Answer 16

capacity + resource limitations:
individual constraints: Memory, understanding, Dexterity
aspects of environment - problems ACCESSing prescriptions, competing demands, lack of SOCIAL Support

Question 17

intentional non-adherence

Answer 17

beliefs, attitudes + expectations:
beliefs about susceptibility / severity
costs / benefits e.g. SIDE EFFECTS
OTHER options e.g. complementary therapy
poor Doctor-Patient relationship / lack of TRUST
maintain a sense of control
stigma / avoid labelling as a 'patient'

Question 18

concordance may lead to better adherence because…

Answer 18

patient is INVOLVED (has shared ownership) decision about treatment
patient’s beliefs, expectations, lifestyle + priorities can be taken into account
BARRIERS to adherence e.g. practical / information can be address
promotes patient TRUST + satisfaction with care - adherence more likely