health psych Flashcards
biomedical model
traditional medicine - no psychological / social factors
illness being biological & physiological factors
treatment = physical intervention (surgery & drugs)
biopsychosocial model
biological, psychological, social aspects all linked
causal influence of thoughts, feelings, motivation & behaviour on health & illness (diagnosis & treatment adherence)
important to understand feelings & emotions e.g. reaction to diagnosis & coping with illness
doctors role in biopsychosocial model
doctors have to see people with mental health problems
doctors have role in changing health behaviour e.g. smoking cessation
different factors of biopsychosocial model (examples)
bio: physiological, genetics, pathogens
psycho: cognition, emotion, behaviour
social: social class, employment, social support
health related behaviour
anything promoting good health / lead to illness e.g. smoking / exercise
learning theories
classical conditioning: associated with other stimuli (Pavlov)
operant conditioning: behaviour reinforced with punishment / reward (BBT video)
social learning theory: observe others’ behaviour - see what is rewarded / punished
social cognition models
health belief model - do something if pt believes it’s good for their health
theory of planned behaviour
classical conditioning
many physical responses can become classically conditioned e.g. anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy, phobias e.g. fear of hospitals
UNCONSCIOUSLY paired with the environment / emotion
Pavlov’s dog
operant conditioning
actions are shaped by consequences (reward / punishment)
behaviour reinforced by reward, decreased if punished
unhealthy behaviours are often immediately rewarding - driven by short term gain
social learning theory
people learn vicariously (through others)
behaviour focused on DESIRED goals / outcomes e.g. exercise for summer body
people are motivated to perform behaviours that are valued / believe that they can re-enact (advertising) - ABLE
modelling more effective if person is of HIGH status (celebrities)
social cognition models (health believe & theory of planned behaviour)
focus on cognitive factors - knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, expectations etc.
health believe model
beliefs about health THREAT (S): perceived Susceptibility & Severity (e.g. obesity, MI etc.)
beliefs about health related BEHAVIOUR: perceived Benefits (gains) & Barriers (not achievable)
both lead to ACTION
limitations of health believe model
rationale & reasoning: consequences thought only after actions e.g. lung cancer after smoking
decisions: habit, conditioned behaviour, coercion
emotional factors: fear
incomplete: self-efficacy, broader social factors
theory of planned behaviour
(ABC: attitude, belief, control –> behaviour)
1. belief about outcomes / evaluation: ATTITUDE toward behaviour e.g. positive about eating fruit & veg
2. (subjective) normative BELIEFS motivation to comply e.g. eating veg is food for health
3. individual CONTROL barriers & facilitators: perceived control one feels over the situation (greater control more likely to increase behavioural intention)
all lead to behaviour intention –> behaviour
pros & cons of ToP behaviour
con: problem is translation intentions into behaviour - not a certainty to happen
pro: concrete plan of action
changing health behaviour: stages of change model (transtheoretical)
way people think about behaviour & change is not static, 5 stages of change overtime in decision making different cognitions (thoughts) & influencing factors may be important determinants of health behaviour at different times
name the different stages in stages of change model (transtheoretical)
- pre-contemplation: never crossed their minds
- contemplation: started to think about it
- preparation: plan how to change
- action: carrying out change
- maintenance: continue new behaviour
- relapse: then cycle back to step 3
relapse in stages of change model
relapse = not end stage, natural process of changing behaviour, norm cycle
identify & avoid high risk situations
improve coping skills - use written instructions?
strategies for changing health behaviour
information: health education & promotion
behavioural skills & resources e.g. smoking cessation programmes, exercise advice (group support classes e.g. AA meetings)
incentives to change e.g. financial incentives (money for cigarettes towards next holiday)
motivational interviewing
aim: to elicit patient’s own arguments for change, increase internal motivation, useful for precontemplative/contemplative stages
1. express empathy
2. develop discrepancy (similarities between things, links)
3. roll with resistance (from patient)
4. support self-efficacy (pt’s own ability to succeed)
(EDRS)
