health psych

Question 1

biomedical model

Answer 1

traditional medicine - no psychological / social factors
illness being biological & physiological factors
treatment = physical intervention (surgery & drugs)

Question 2

biopsychosocial model

Answer 2

biological, psychological, social aspects all linked
causal influence of thoughts, feelings, motivation & behaviour on health & illness (diagnosis & treatment adherence)
important to understand feelings & emotions e.g. reaction to diagnosis & coping with illness

Question 3

doctors role in biopsychosocial model

Answer 3

doctors have to see people with mental health problems

doctors have role in changing health behaviour e.g. smoking cessation

Question 4

different factors of biopsychosocial model (examples)

Answer 4

bio: physiological, genetics, pathogens
psycho: cognition, emotion, behaviour
social: social class, employment, social support

Question 5

health related behaviour

Answer 5

anything promoting good health / lead to illness e.g. smoking / exercise

Question 6

learning theories

Answer 6

classical conditioning: associated with other stimuli (Pavlov)
operant conditioning: behaviour reinforced with punishment / reward (BBT video)
social learning theory: observe others’ behaviour - see what is rewarded / punished

Question 7

social cognition models

Answer 7

health belief model - do something if pt believes it’s good for their health
theory of planned behaviour

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

many physical responses can become classically conditioned e.g. anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy, phobias e.g. fear of hospitals
UNCONSCIOUSLY paired with the environment / emotion
Pavlov’s dog

Question 9

operant conditioning

Answer 9

actions are shaped by consequences (reward / punishment)
behaviour reinforced by reward, decreased if punished
unhealthy behaviours are often immediately rewarding - driven by short term gain

Question 10

social learning theory

Answer 10

people learn vicariously (through others)
behaviour focused on DESIRED goals / outcomes e.g. exercise for summer body
people are motivated to perform behaviours that are valued / believe that they can re-enact (advertising) - ABLE
modelling more effective if person is of HIGH status (celebrities)

Question 11

social cognition models (health believe & theory of planned behaviour)

Answer 11

focus on cognitive factors - knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, expectations etc.

Question 12

health believe model

Answer 12

beliefs about health THREAT (S): perceived Susceptibility & Severity (e.g. obesity, MI etc.)
beliefs about health related BEHAVIOUR: perceived Benefits (gains) & Barriers (not achievable)
both lead to ACTION

Question 13

limitations of health believe model

Answer 13

rationale & reasoning: consequences thought only after actions e.g. lung cancer after smoking
decisions: habit, conditioned behaviour, coercion
emotional factors: fear
incomplete: self-efficacy, broader social factors

Question 14

theory of planned behaviour

Answer 14

(ABC: attitude, belief, control –> behaviour)
1. belief about outcomes / evaluation: ATTITUDE toward behaviour e.g. positive about eating fruit & veg
2. (subjective) normative BELIEFS motivation to comply e.g. eating veg is food for health
3. individual CONTROL barriers & facilitators: perceived control one feels over the situation (greater control more likely to increase behavioural intention)
all lead to behaviour intention –> behaviour

Question 15

pros & cons of ToP behaviour

Answer 15

con: problem is translation intentions into behaviour - not a certainty to happen
pro: concrete plan of action

Question 16

changing health behaviour: stages of change model (transtheoretical)

Answer 16

way people think about behaviour & change is not static, 5 stages of change overtime in decision making
different cognitions (thoughts) & influencing factors may be important determinants of health behaviour at different times

Question 17

name the different stages in stages of change model (transtheoretical)

Answer 17

1. pre-contemplation: never crossed their minds
2. contemplation: started to think about it
3. preparation: plan how to change
4. action: carrying out change
5. maintenance: continue new behaviour
6. relapse: then cycle back to step 3

Question 18

relapse in stages of change model

Answer 18

relapse = not end stage, natural process of changing behaviour, norm cycle
identify & avoid high risk situations
improve coping skills - use written instructions?

Question 19

strategies for changing health behaviour

Answer 19

information: health education & promotion
behavioural skills & resources e.g. smoking cessation programmes, exercise advice (group support classes e.g. AA meetings)
incentives to change e.g. financial incentives (money for cigarettes towards next holiday)

Question 20

motivational interviewing

Answer 20

aim: to elicit patient’s own arguments for change, increase internal motivation, useful for precontemplative/contemplative stages
1. express empathy
2. develop discrepancy (similarities between things, links)
3. roll with resistance (from patient)
4. support self-efficacy (pt’s own ability to succeed)
(EDRS)