Health Promotion of Toddlers Flashcards
1
Q
Physical Development
A
- Weight gain slows to 4-6lbs/yr
> not waking up to eat throughout night - Birth weight should be quadrupled by age 2 1/2yrs
- Height incrs abt 3inches/yr
- Elongation of legs rather than trunk
- Growth is step-like rather than linear
> also have emotional changes
2
Q
Maturation of Systems
A
- Most physiologic systems are relatively mature by the end of toddlerhood
> upper resp infec, otitis media, & tonsilitis are common
> antibodies (working better w/ more exposure)
> body temp is maintained
> child is physiologically able to control elimination
> defense mechanisms of skin are intant; sunscreen not applied until after 6mnths
> vision
3
Q
Gross Motor Skills
15mnths-18mnths
A
- 15 Months: walks w/out help, creeps up stairs
-
18 Months:
> runs clumsily; falls often
> throws ball overhand
> jumps in place w/ both feet
> pulls & pushes toys
4
Q
Fine Motor Skills
15-18mnths
A
- 15 Months: uses a cup well, builds two-block tower
-
18 Months:
> manages a spoon w/out rotation
> turns pages in a book, two or three at a time
> builds 3 or 4 block tower
5
Q
Gross Motor Skills
2-2.5yrs
A
- 2 Years: walks up & down stairs by placing both feet on each step
-
2.5 Years:
> jumps across floor & off a chair or step using both feet
> stands on one foot momentarily
> takes a few steps on tiptoe
6
Q
Fine Motor Skills
2-2.5yrs
A
-
2 Years:
> builds a 6 or 7 block tower
> turns pages of books one at a time -
2.5 Years:
> draws circles
> has good hand-finger coordination
7
Q
Cognitive Development - Sensorimotor
A
- Cognitive processes develop rapidly btwn 12-24 months
- Tertiary Circular Reactions:
> active experimentation, applying knowledge to new situations
> complete understanding of object permanence
> imitation of behaviors: domestic mimicry
> concepts of time still embryonic
> can begin to visualize things mentally
> casual relationships: know tht light comes on when switched up, but must test every light switch
8
Q
Cognitive Development - Preoperational Phase
A
- Preconceptual Phase: 2-4yrs (lasts till 7)
- The transition btwn self-satisfying behavior & socialized relationships
- Preopertional thought implies children cannot think in terms of operations
- Think symbolically
- Egocentrism/animism
- Toddler begins to problem solve
9
Q
Psychosocial Development
A
- Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
- 1-3yr stage: independence, body control
- Shame = insecurity
- Developing sense of autonomy
> want full control of self - Negativism
> “no”, “I want to do it”
> give them choices - Ritualism
> need structure & routine, safe & comfortable; helps w/ sleep - Independence
10
Q
Social Development - Separation & Individualism
A
- Differentiation of self from mother & significant others
- Rapprochement: separate self from mom; when they return they look for reassurance
-
Transitional Objects
> stuffed animals, lovies; provides comfort & safety - Typically have gender identity by 3
- Inappropriate Rapprochement Reaction: like yelling at child for leaving, causes confusion & insecurity
> want them to gain independence
11
Q
Social Development - Personal Social Behavior
A
- Toddlers develop skills of independence
- Skills for independence may result in determined, strong-willed, volatile behaviors
- Toddlers develop concern for feelings of others (towards end of toddlerhood)
12
Q
Language Development
A
- Level of comprhension incrs
- Ability to understand incrs
- Comprehension is much greater than number of words a toddler can say
- At 1yr, child uses one-word sentences “holophrases”
- By 2yrs, child uses multiword sentences
> expressing themselves
> comprehension greater than vocab; frustration
13
Q
Age-Related Concerns
A
-
Toilet training
> sphincter control at 18 months - Sibling rivalry
- Temper tantrums
- Negativism
-
Regression
> over stressed; attempt to conserve energy
> routine changes
> typically short-lived - Discipline
> avoid physical punishments, threats, & criticism
> time out: same time as age
> consistency is key - Learn through trial & error
14
Q
Toilet Training
A
- Can begin around 24months - 3yrs
- Signs of readiness:
> stay dry for at least 2hrs
> recognize urge
> taking on & off clothes
> show willingness - Rewards for going
> do not shame for accidents
15
Q
Age-Related Activities - Play
A
- Magnifies physical & psychosocial development (push/pull toys, climbs)
- Interaction w/ others becomes more important
-
Parallel Play
> helps them move into interactive play - Imitation
- Tactile play
- Selection of appropriate toys
> toys tht are safe to walk away from
