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Epidemiology > Health promotion > Flashcards

Health promotion Flashcards

1
Q

Public health domains

A

Health promotion
Health protection
Health care

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2
Q

Indicators of health

A

Life expectancy
Measure of standard of life
Measure of conditions in which people live

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3
Q

North-South divide

A

Those in south live longer

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4
Q

Upstream determinants

A

life circumstances i.e. housing, education

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5
Q

Downstream determinants

A

risk factors: ethnicity, gender, alcohol consumption, familial history, obesity, stress

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6
Q

Major wider factors contributing to health

A

Financial status
Employment
Education
Housing

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7
Q

Leading risk factors contributing to health

A 
Tobacco
High BP
Alcohol
Cholesterol
Overweight
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8
Q

Health promotion

A

enabling people to increase control over & to improve their health

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9
Q

Focus of health promotion

A

Health rather than disease

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10
Q

Health promotion involves:

A

Clinical intervention
Health education
Healthy public policy
Community development

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11
Q

What is clinical intervention in health promotion?

A

Biomedical screening

Immunisation

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12
Q

What is health education in health promotion?

A

Traditional health promotion e.g. smoking cessation, healthy eating

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13
Q

What is healthy public policy in health promotion?

A

Legal/ social measures to make healthy choices easier e.g. sugar tax
Policies/ infrastructure to address wider determinants of health

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14
Q

What is community development in health promotion?

A

Partnerships with groups to create sustainable actions

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15
Q

What are the 3 components needed for good health promotion (Tannahill model)

A

Prevention: intervention to reduce risk
Protection: legal/ social measures
Education: knowledge/ attitudes

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16
Q

How many levels of prevention are there?

A

4

17
Q

Primordial prevention

A

Prevention of factors promoting the emergence of lifestyles, behaviours, exposure patterns which contribute to increased risk of disease.

18
Q

Primary prevention

A

Actions to prevent onset of disease.

Limit exposure to risk factors by individual behaviour change/ actions in community.

19
Q

Examples of primary prevention

A

Health education
Prescriptive diets
Vaccination

20
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Halt progression once illness is already established.

Early detection, prompt, effective treatment.

21
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Rehab of people with established disease to minimise residual disability & complications.

22
Q

2 main approaches to disease prevention

A

High risk

Population

23
Q

High risk disease prevention

A

identifying those in special need “targeted rescue operation” then controlling exposure or providing protection against effect of exposure

24
Q

Population disease prevention

A

begins with recognition that the occurrence of common diseases & exposures reflects the behaviour & circumstances of society as a whole

25
Q

Prevention paradox

A
  • Many people exposed to a small risk may generate more disease than the few exposed to a large risk SO when many people receive a small benefit the total benefit may be large
  • However, individual inconvenience may be high to many when benefit may only be to a few.
  • Low risk effecting a lot of people leads to a large number of cases.
26
Q

Strengths of a high risk approach in disease prevention

A

Effective (high motivation of individual & physician)
Efficient (cost-effective use of resources)
Benefit: risk ratio is favourable
Appropriate to individual
Easy to evaluate

27
Q

Weaknesses of a high risk approach in disease prevention

A

Palliative & temporary (misses a large amount of disease)
Risk prediction – not accurate
Limited potential – misses out on spill over of info
Hard to change individual behaviours

28
Q

Strengths of a population approach in disease prevention

A

Equitable (Attributable risk may be high where risk is low if a lot of people are exposed to that low risk)
Radical
Large potential for population
Behaviourally appropriate

29
Q

Weaknesses of a population approach in disease prevention

A

Small advantage to individual
Poor motivation of subject
Poor motivation of physician
Benefit: risk ratio worrisome

30
Q

Where can health promotion operate?

A

Internationally
Nationally (government, advertising, media)
Locally (GP, hospitals, Local Authority, Police, Schools etc)
Individually (support groups, neighbourhood schemes, communities)

Epidemiology (13 decks)

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