Health promotion

Question 1

Public health domains

Answer 1

Health promotion
Health protection
Health care

Question 2

Indicators of health

Answer 2

Life expectancy
Measure of standard of life
Measure of conditions in which people live

Question 3

North-South divide

Answer 3

Those in south live longer

Question 4

Upstream determinants

Answer 4

life circumstances i.e. housing, education

Question 5

Downstream determinants

Answer 5

risk factors: ethnicity, gender, alcohol consumption, familial history, obesity, stress

Question 6

Major wider factors contributing to health

Answer 6

Financial status
Employment
Education
Housing

Question 7

Leading risk factors contributing to health

Answer 7

Tobacco
High BP
Alcohol
Cholesterol
Overweight

Question 8

Health promotion

Answer 8

enabling people to increase control over & to improve their health

Question 9

Focus of health promotion

Answer 9

Health rather than disease

Question 10

Health promotion involves:

Answer 10

Clinical intervention
Health education
Healthy public policy
Community development

Question 11

What is clinical intervention in health promotion?

Answer 11

Biomedical screening

Immunisation

Question 12

What is health education in health promotion?

Answer 12

Traditional health promotion e.g. smoking cessation, healthy eating

Question 13

What is healthy public policy in health promotion?

Answer 13

Legal/ social measures to make healthy choices easier e.g. sugar tax
Policies/ infrastructure to address wider determinants of health

Question 14

What is community development in health promotion?

Answer 14

Partnerships with groups to create sustainable actions

Question 15

What are the 3 components needed for good health promotion (Tannahill model)

Answer 15

Prevention: intervention to reduce risk
Protection: legal/ social measures
Education: knowledge/ attitudes

Question 16

How many levels of prevention are there?

Answer 16

4

Question 17

Primordial prevention

Answer 17

Prevention of factors promoting the emergence of lifestyles, behaviours, exposure patterns which contribute to increased risk of disease.

Question 18

Primary prevention

Answer 18

Actions to prevent onset of disease.

Limit exposure to risk factors by individual behaviour change/ actions in community.

Question 19

Examples of primary prevention

Answer 19

Health education
Prescriptive diets
Vaccination

Question 20

Secondary prevention

Answer 20

Halt progression once illness is already established.

Early detection, prompt, effective treatment.

Question 21

Tertiary prevention

Answer 21

Rehab of people with established disease to minimise residual disability & complications.

Question 22

2 main approaches to disease prevention

Answer 22

High risk

Population

Question 23

High risk disease prevention

Answer 23

identifying those in special need “targeted rescue operation” then controlling exposure or providing protection against effect of exposure

Question 24

Population disease prevention

Answer 24

begins with recognition that the occurrence of common diseases & exposures reflects the behaviour & circumstances of society as a whole

Question 25

Prevention paradox

Answer 25

* Many people exposed to a small risk may generate more disease than the few exposed to a large risk SO when many people receive a small benefit the total benefit may be large * However, individual inconvenience may be high to many when benefit may only be to a few. * Low risk effecting a lot of people leads to a large number of cases.

Question 26

Strengths of a high risk approach in disease prevention

Answer 26

Effective (high motivation of individual & physician) Efficient (cost-effective use of resources) Benefit: risk ratio is favourable Appropriate to individual Easy to evaluate

Question 27

Weaknesses of a high risk approach in disease prevention

Answer 27

Palliative & temporary (misses a large amount of disease) Risk prediction – not accurate Limited potential – misses out on spill over of info Hard to change individual behaviours

Question 28

Strengths of a population approach in disease prevention

Answer 28

Equitable (Attributable risk may be high where risk is low if a lot of people are exposed to that low risk) Radical Large potential for population Behaviourally appropriate

Question 29

Weaknesses of a population approach in disease prevention

Answer 29

Small advantage to individual Poor motivation of subject Poor motivation of physician Benefit: risk ratio worrisome

Question 30

Where can health promotion operate?

Answer 30

Internationally Nationally (government, advertising, media) Locally (GP, hospitals, Local Authority, Police, Schools etc) Individually (support groups, neighbourhood schemes, communities)