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Epidemiology > Epidemiological transition > Flashcards

Epidemiological transition Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

changes in levels & causes of mortality
decline in total mortality
significant reduction in infectious diseases
increased relative role of chronic non-communicable diseases

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2
Q

Epidemiological transition is complex and dynamic

A

Some diseases disappear (small pox)
others appear (AIDS)
or re-emerge (TB,Dengue)

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3
Q

Epidemiological transition of cancer

A

Decline in stomach cancer

Rise and fall of lung cancer

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4
Q

Most commonly diagnosed cancers

A

Lung
Breast
Colorectal

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5
Q

Most common causes of cancer death

A

Lung
Liver
Stomach

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6
Q

Cancer % deaths worldwide

A

15%

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7
Q

Cancer rate (for each type) in different countries varies

A

Suggested environment/ modifiable risk factors are crucial

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8
Q

Largest preventable cause of cancer

A

SMOKING

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9
Q

9 Major risks associated with cancer

A 
Smoking
Low fruit and veg
Alcohol
Unsafe sex
Overweight
Inactivity
Contaminated injections
Air pollution
Indoor smoke from solid fuel
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10
Q

Which cancer is associated with Hepatitis B?

A

Liver

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11
Q

Which cancer is associated with H.pylori?

A

Stomach

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12
Q

Which cancer is associated with HPV?

A

Cervical

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13
Q

Which cancer is associated with EBV?

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

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14
Q

Which cancer is associated with HIV?

A

Kaposi sarcoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Cervical cancer

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15
Q

Which cancer is associated with Schistosomes?

A

Bladder

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16
Q

2008 cancer deaths attributable to infection

A
  1. 1% developed

26. 9 & developing

17
Q

Carcinogens

A 
Tobacco
Alcohol
Air pollution
Infections
Obesity
18
Q

Major cardiovascular diseases

A

Coronary heart disease

Stroke

19
Q

CAD

A

affects arteries that supply heart with blood.
Usually caused by atherosclerosis
Causes inside of arteries to become narrower & slows blood flow

20
Q

Stroke

A

sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen

caused by blockage of blood flow or rupture of an artery to the brain

21
Q

Cardiovascular disease % deaths worldwide

A

30%

22
Q

CVD gender discrepancies

A

Higher rates in men

23
Q

3 Main factors contributing to CVD

A

High BP
Tobacco
Cholesterol level

24
Q

Leading causes of death

A

Ischaemic heart disease

Cerebrovascular disease

25
Q

Which country has the lowest incidence of CVD?

A

Japan

26
Q

Incidence of CVD in UK & western countries

A

High

27
Q

Why will CVD and other non communicable diseases rise worldwide?

A

Increase in obesity

Epidemiology (13 decks)

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