Epidemiological transition Flashcards
Epidemiological transition
changes in levels & causes of mortality
decline in total mortality
significant reduction in infectious diseases
increased relative role of chronic non-communicable diseases
Epidemiological transition is complex and dynamic
Some diseases disappear (small pox)
others appear (AIDS)
or re-emerge (TB,Dengue)
Epidemiological transition of cancer
Decline in stomach cancer
Rise and fall of lung cancer
Most commonly diagnosed cancers
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
Most common causes of cancer death
Lung
Liver
Stomach
Cancer % deaths worldwide
15%
Cancer rate (for each type) in different countries varies
Suggested environment/ modifiable risk factors are crucial
Largest preventable cause of cancer
SMOKING
9 Major risks associated with cancer
Smoking Low fruit and veg Alcohol Unsafe sex Overweight Inactivity Contaminated injections Air pollution Indoor smoke from solid fuel
Which cancer is associated with Hepatitis B?
Liver
Which cancer is associated with H.pylori?
Stomach
Which cancer is associated with HPV?
Cervical
Which cancer is associated with EBV?
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Which cancer is associated with HIV?
Kaposi sarcoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Cervical cancer
Which cancer is associated with Schistosomes?
Bladder
2008 cancer deaths attributable to infection
- 1% developed
26. 9 & developing
Carcinogens
Tobacco Alcohol Air pollution Infections Obesity
Major cardiovascular diseases
Coronary heart disease
Stroke
CAD
affects arteries that supply heart with blood.
Usually caused by atherosclerosis
Causes inside of arteries to become narrower & slows blood flow
Stroke
sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen
caused by blockage of blood flow or rupture of an artery to the brain
Cardiovascular disease % deaths worldwide
30%
CVD gender discrepancies
Higher rates in men
3 Main factors contributing to CVD
High BP
Tobacco
Cholesterol level
Leading causes of death
Ischaemic heart disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Which country has the lowest incidence of CVD?
Japan
Incidence of CVD in UK & western countries
High
Why will CVD and other non communicable diseases rise worldwide?
Increase in obesity
