health priorities in australia - what are priority issues for improving australia's health

Question 1

groups experiencing health inequalities

Answer 1

• ATSI
• socioeconomically disadvantaged
• people in rural and remote areas
• overseas born people
• the elderly
• people with disabilities

Question 2

groups experiencing health inequalities : ATSI

Answer 2

they have the largest gap of inequalities in australia. they have compared wit non-ASTI;

• increased mortality rate
• decreased life expectancy
• increased youth suicide
• increased kidney disease
• increased chronic disease

Question 3

what are the sociocultural factors contributing to ATSI being a priority issue

Answer 3

• increased domestic violence
• disempowerment
• decreased income
• 47% single parent income

Question 4

what are the socioeconomic factors contributing to ATSI being a priority issue

Answer 4

• less than 2/3 working age population employed
• low income
• decreased rates of education complete

Question 5

what are the environmental factors contributing to ATSI being a priority issue

Answer 5

• isolation leads to lack of access
• longer waiting time due to increased services
• lack of health literacy due to low levels of education

Question 6

what are the sociocultural factors contributing to rural + remote being a priority issue

Answer 6

• greater ATSI population
• family behaviour e.g. smoking + alcohol consumption
• lower activity rates and family history of obesity

Question 7

what are the socioeconomic factors contributing to rural + remote being a priority issue

Answer 7

• decreased access to education and employment
• limited access to goods and services
• exposure to ‘heavy labour’ employment E.g. machinery, mines and farms
• strong sense of community

Question 8

what are the environmental factors contributing to rural + remote being a priority issue

Answer 8

• decreased access to health facilities + screening
• decreased access to health professionals
• low health literacy leads to lack in access to services

Question 9

role of individuals (ATSI) to face health inequalities

Answer 9

• empowerment

- increased protective behaviours

Question 10

role of communities (ATSI) to face health inequalities

Answer 10

• involvement in design and implementation of health initiatives
• aboriginal medical services E.g. purple house
• australian indigenous doctors association

Question 11

role of government (ATSI) to face health inequalities

Answer 11

• close the gap initiatives

- indigenous chronic disease package

Question 12

role of individuals (rural + remote) to face health inequalities

Answer 12

• empowerment
• increase protective behaviour]
• maintaining enrolments in educational programs

Question 13

role of communities (rural + remote) to face health inequalities

Answer 13

• health services tailored to the community E.g. multipurpose centres
• community support group
• community fundraisers

Question 14

role of government (rural + remote) to face health inequalities

Answer 14

• royal flying doctor service

- rural + remote general practice program

Question 15

groups experiencing health inequalities : people in rural and remote areas

Answer 15

30% australians live in rural and remote areas where the environmental location is identified as a determinant of health. they have;

• higher rates of chronic illness
• higher rates of injuries and road accidents
• higher rates of liver diseases
• higher rates of suicide

Question 16

what are the indicators that rural + remote areas have poor health

Answer 16

increased;

• obesity rates
• smoking rates
• inactivity
• alcohol consumption

Question 17

high levels of preventable chronic illness, injury and mental health problems

Answer 17

• cardiovascular disease (CVD)
• cancer (skin, breast, lung)
• diabetes
• respiratory disease
• injury
• mental health problems and illness

Question 18

a growing and ageing population

Answer 18

• healthy ageing
• increased population living with chronic disease and disability
• demand for health services and workforce shortages
• availability of carers and volunteers

Question 19

healthy ageing (a growing and ageing population)

Answer 19

process in which healthier behaviour choices are made to positively impact individual health and well-being, enabling good health for longer

Question 20

why is healthy ageing promoted (a growing and ageing population)

Answer 20

• can contribute to society and engage in workforce for longer
• skillsets to educate younger generations
• contribute to the economy
• decrease the use of health care services and facilities

Question 21

ageing and the workforce (healthy ageing)

Answer 21

• there are 5 people of working age to support every person aged 65 and above
• -> by 2047, there will only be 2.7
• in 2016, 15% Australians are aged 65+ which is estimated to continue to grow
• –> 2056 22%
• –> 2096 25%

Question 22

increased population living with chorionic disease and disability (a growing and ageing population)

Answer 22

due to increase survival rates of cancer and heart disease, more people live longer resulting in these people usually experiencing some disability or decrease in quality of life
–> increased needs for health expenditure + aged care facilities

Question 23

chronic disease in Australia

Answer 23

• nearly 9 in 10 deaths in 2016 were associated with chronic diseases
• more than 1 in 3 were hospitalised in 2015-16 due to chronic disease
• nearly 1 in 4 australians have chronic disease

Question 24

demand for health services with workforce shortage (a growing and ageing population)

Answer 24

increase in age care requires the training and availability of staff in aged care

Australia has premium aged care system, however, as a result people are living longer
- “living better, living longer (2012” implemented by the australian government

Question 25

what should health care services be (a growing and ageing population)

Answer 25

- sustainable + affordable - offer choice + flexibility - encourage businesses to invest + grow - provide diverse + rewarding career options

Question 26

availability of carers and volunteers (a growing and ageing population)

Answer 26

home care recipients have increased by 84% in the past 10 years due to home care package programs; - community - care at home - extended care at home

Question 27

cardiovascular disease

Answer 27

refers to any disease which affects the cardiovascular system - heart - blood vessels (arteries/veins) - blood

Question 28

what is the nature of the cardiovascular disease : arteriosclerosis

Answer 28

- arteriosclerosis : hardening/narrowing of the arteries

Question 29

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : atherosclerosis

Answer 29

- atherosclerosis : build up of fatty tissue in the interior walls of arteries

Question 30

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : coronary heart disease

Answer 30

- coronary heart disease : poor blood supply to the muscular walls of the heart

Question 31

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : stroke

Answer 31

- stroke : interruption of blood supply to the brain

Question 32

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : peripheral vascular disease

Answer 32

disease of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affects the limbs - reduces blood flow to the legs

Question 33

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : angina

Answer 33

temporary loss of oxygenated blood to the heart

Question 34

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : congenital heart disease

Answer 34

heart disease as a baby or at birth

Question 35

what is the extent of cardiovascular disease

Answer 35

- 27% of deaths in 2017 had CVD as the underlying cause (43k) - 1.2 million australian adults had 1 or more vascular conditions

Question 36

what is the extent of cardiovascular disease to ATSI

Answer 36

indigenous people had CVD hospitalisation and death rates twice as high as non-indigenous

Question 37

what is the extent of cardiovascular disease to remote and rural areas

Answer 37

rural and remote areas had CVD hospitalisation and death rates that were 30% higher than major cities

Question 38

why is CVD currently decreasing in asutralia

Answer 38

- decrease in risk factors - increase prevention strategies (reduced smoking, increased monitoring of hypertension levels and diet modifications) - increase in medical care + treatment (improved QoL)

Question 39

which group is most at risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 39

- males - people aged 65+ - people with high-fat diets - family history - low SES groups - smokers - high cholesterol people

Question 40

what is cancer

Answer 40

refers to an uncontrolled growth of body cells | - a mutation of a single cell OR the division and multiplication of a mutated cell

Question 41

what is the nature of cancer

Answer 41

when cancerous cells develop, the immune system tried to attack cells by developing a layer around the cells called a tumour - can be metastasis or secondary cancer

Question 42

what is the most common form of cancer in australia

Answer 42

- lung - breast - skin

Question 43

what are benign cells

Answer 43

non-cancerous cells which grow slowly within a capsule

Question 44

what is malignant cells

Answer 44

cancerous cells which are not contained in a capsule | - spreads to other parts of the body to invade healthy tissues

Question 45

what is the extent of cancer

Answer 45

- death rates are decreasing and survival rates are increasing - -> death rates have fallen by 24%+ - 1 in 2 australians will be diagnosed with cancer by 70 - 3 in every 10 deaths in 2016 was due to cancer

Question 46

what are risk factors of lung cancer

Answer 46

- smoking - occupational exposure - air pollution

Question 47

what are risk factors of skin cancer

Answer 47

- fair skin - fair or red hair - exposure to sun - prolonged exposure to sun - number or types of moles on skin

Question 48

what are risk factors of breast cancer

Answer 48

- family history - high fat diet - early onset menstruation - late menopause - obesity - late age pregnancy

Question 49

what are protective factors of lung cancer

Answer 49

- avoid exposure to tabacco smoke | - avoid exposure to hazardous materials

Question 50

what are protective factors of skin cancer

Answer 50

- avoid excess sunlight | - reduce exposure by wearing sun protection

Question 51

what are protective factors of breast cancer

Answer 51

- regular mammograms - self-examination - diet high in fruit and vegetables - low fat diet

Question 52

what is diabetes

Answer 52

disease where the body is unable to breakdown and use sugar body produces insulin to help body use glucose for energy

Question 53

what are the types of diabetes

Answer 53

- type 1 - type 2 - gestational

Question 54

the nature of type 1 diabetes

Answer 54

- insulin dependent - minimal or no insulin - controlled by injecting insulin - unusual thirst + excessive urine - weight loss - children and young children

Question 55

nature of type 2 diabetes

Answer 55

- non insulin dependent - insulin is not sufficient - controlled by lifestyle changes - lack of symptoms - increased inactivity and poor diet are contributors - 50+ years and the increasing number of young people

Question 56

nature of gestational diabetes

Answer 56

- during pregnancy (24-28th week) - usually disappears after birth - increases the risk of type 2 diabetes - insulin to control blood glucose levels

Question 57

what is the extent of diabetes

Answer 57

- 6% australian adults have diabetes - ATSI are 4 times more likely to get type 2 diabetes - 1.2 million people with diabetes are hospitalised in 2016-2017 - low SES are 2x more likely to get type 2 - 75+ people have the highest prevalence

Question 58

what is the risk factor for type 1 diabetes

Answer 58

- family history - drinking water with increased nitrate - exposure to viruses that destroy cells that produce insulin - low vitamin D - high omega 3 fatty acids

Question 59

what are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes

Answer 59

- 45+ in age - high blood pressure - heart disease or heart attack - overweight - indigenous australians low SES population