health priorities in australia - what are priority issues for improving australia's health Flashcards
groups experiencing health inequalities
- ATSI
- socioeconomically disadvantaged
- people in rural and remote areas
- overseas born people
- the elderly
- people with disabilities
groups experiencing health inequalities : ATSI
they have the largest gap of inequalities in australia. they have compared wit non-ASTI;
- increased mortality rate
- decreased life expectancy
- increased youth suicide
- increased kidney disease
- increased chronic disease
what are the sociocultural factors contributing to ATSI being a priority issue
- increased domestic violence
- disempowerment
- decreased income
- 47% single parent income
what are the socioeconomic factors contributing to ATSI being a priority issue
- less than 2/3 working age population employed
- low income
- decreased rates of education complete
what are the environmental factors contributing to ATSI being a priority issue
- isolation leads to lack of access
- longer waiting time due to increased services
- lack of health literacy due to low levels of education
what are the sociocultural factors contributing to rural + remote being a priority issue
- greater ATSI population
- family behaviour e.g. smoking + alcohol consumption
- lower activity rates and family history of obesity
what are the socioeconomic factors contributing to rural + remote being a priority issue
- decreased access to education and employment
- limited access to goods and services
- exposure to ‘heavy labour’ employment E.g. machinery, mines and farms
- strong sense of community
what are the environmental factors contributing to rural + remote being a priority issue
- decreased access to health facilities + screening
- decreased access to health professionals
- low health literacy leads to lack in access to services
role of individuals (ATSI) to face health inequalities
- empowerment
- increased protective behaviours
role of communities (ATSI) to face health inequalities
- involvement in design and implementation of health initiatives
- aboriginal medical services E.g. purple house
- australian indigenous doctors association
role of government (ATSI) to face health inequalities
- close the gap initiatives
- indigenous chronic disease package
role of individuals (rural + remote) to face health inequalities
- empowerment
- increase protective behaviour]
- maintaining enrolments in educational programs
role of communities (rural + remote) to face health inequalities
- health services tailored to the community E.g. multipurpose centres
- community support group
- community fundraisers
role of government (rural + remote) to face health inequalities
- royal flying doctor service
- rural + remote general practice program
groups experiencing health inequalities : people in rural and remote areas
30% australians live in rural and remote areas where the environmental location is identified as a determinant of health. they have;
- higher rates of chronic illness
- higher rates of injuries and road accidents
- higher rates of liver diseases
- higher rates of suicide
what are the indicators that rural + remote areas have poor health
increased;
- obesity rates
- smoking rates
- inactivity
- alcohol consumption
high levels of preventable chronic illness, injury and mental health problems
- cardiovascular disease (CVD)
- cancer (skin, breast, lung)
- diabetes
- respiratory disease
- injury
- mental health problems and illness
a growing and ageing population
- healthy ageing
- increased population living with chronic disease and disability
- demand for health services and workforce shortages
- availability of carers and volunteers
healthy ageing (a growing and ageing population)
process in which healthier behaviour choices are made to positively impact individual health and well-being, enabling good health for longer
why is healthy ageing promoted (a growing and ageing population)
- can contribute to society and engage in workforce for longer
- skillsets to educate younger generations
- contribute to the economy
- decrease the use of health care services and facilities
ageing and the workforce (healthy ageing)
- there are 5 people of working age to support every person aged 65 and above
- -> by 2047, there will only be 2.7
- in 2016, 15% Australians are aged 65+ which is estimated to continue to grow
- –> 2056 22%
- –> 2096 25%
increased population living with chorionic disease and disability (a growing and ageing population)
due to increase survival rates of cancer and heart disease, more people live longer resulting in these people usually experiencing some disability or decrease in quality of life
–> increased needs for health expenditure + aged care facilities
chronic disease in Australia
- nearly 9 in 10 deaths in 2016 were associated with chronic diseases
- more than 1 in 3 were hospitalised in 2015-16 due to chronic disease
- nearly 1 in 4 australians have chronic disease
demand for health services with workforce shortage (a growing and ageing population)
increase in age care requires the training and availability of staff in aged care
Australia has premium aged care system, however, as a result people are living longer
- “living better, living longer (2012” implemented by the australian government
what should health care services be (a growing and ageing population)
- sustainable + affordable
- offer choice + flexibility
- encourage businesses to invest + grow
- provide diverse + rewarding career options
availability of carers and volunteers (a growing and ageing population)
home care recipients have increased by 84% in the past 10 years due to home care package programs;
- community
- care at home
- extended care at home
cardiovascular disease
refers to any disease which affects the cardiovascular system
- heart
- blood vessels (arteries/veins)
- blood
what is the nature of the cardiovascular disease : arteriosclerosis
- arteriosclerosis : hardening/narrowing of the arteries
what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : atherosclerosis
- atherosclerosis : build up of fatty tissue in the interior walls of arteries
what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : coronary heart disease
- coronary heart disease : poor blood supply to the muscular walls of the heart
what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : stroke
- stroke : interruption of blood supply to the brain
what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : peripheral vascular disease
disease of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affects the limbs
- reduces blood flow to the legs
what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : angina
temporary loss of oxygenated blood to the heart
what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : congenital heart disease
heart disease as a baby or at birth
what is the extent of cardiovascular disease
- 27% of deaths in 2017 had CVD as the underlying cause (43k)
- 1.2 million australian adults had 1 or more vascular conditions
what is the extent of cardiovascular disease to ATSI
indigenous people had CVD hospitalisation and death rates twice as high as non-indigenous
what is the extent of cardiovascular disease to remote and rural areas
rural and remote areas had CVD hospitalisation and death rates that were 30% higher than major cities
why is CVD currently decreasing in asutralia
- decrease in risk factors
- increase prevention strategies (reduced smoking, increased monitoring of hypertension levels and diet modifications)
- increase in medical care + treatment (improved QoL)
which group is most at risk of cardiovascular disease
- males
- people aged 65+
- people with high-fat diets
- family history
- low SES groups
- smokers
- high cholesterol people
what is cancer
refers to an uncontrolled growth of body cells
- a mutation of a single cell OR the division and multiplication of a mutated cell
what is the nature of cancer
when cancerous cells develop, the immune system tried to attack cells by developing a layer around the cells called a tumour
- can be metastasis or secondary cancer
what is the most common form of cancer in australia
- lung
- breast
- skin
what are benign cells
non-cancerous cells which grow slowly within a capsule
what is malignant cells
cancerous cells which are not contained in a capsule
- spreads to other parts of the body to invade healthy tissues
what is the extent of cancer
- death rates are decreasing and survival rates are increasing
- -> death rates have fallen by 24%+
- 1 in 2 australians will be diagnosed with cancer by 70
- 3 in every 10 deaths in 2016 was due to cancer
what are risk factors of lung cancer
- smoking
- occupational exposure
- air pollution
what are risk factors of skin cancer
- fair skin
- fair or red hair
- exposure to sun
- prolonged exposure to sun
- number or types of moles on skin
what are risk factors of breast cancer
- family history
- high fat diet
- early onset menstruation
- late menopause
- obesity
- late age pregnancy
what are protective factors of lung cancer
- avoid exposure to tabacco smoke
- avoid exposure to hazardous materials
what are protective factors of skin cancer
- avoid excess sunlight
- reduce exposure by wearing sun protection
what are protective factors of breast cancer
- regular mammograms
- self-examination
- diet high in fruit and vegetables
- low fat diet
what is diabetes
disease where the body is unable to breakdown and use sugar
body produces insulin to help body use glucose for energy
what are the types of diabetes
- type 1
- type 2
- gestational
the nature of type 1 diabetes
- insulin dependent
- minimal or no insulin
- controlled by injecting insulin
- unusual thirst + excessive urine
- weight loss
- children and young children
nature of type 2 diabetes
- non insulin dependent
- insulin is not sufficient
- controlled by lifestyle changes
- lack of symptoms
- increased inactivity and poor diet are contributors
- 50+ years and the increasing number of young people
nature of gestational diabetes
- during pregnancy (24-28th week)
- usually disappears after birth
- increases the risk of type 2 diabetes
- insulin to control blood glucose levels
what is the extent of diabetes
- 6% australian adults have diabetes
- ATSI are 4 times more likely to get type 2 diabetes
- 1.2 million people with diabetes are hospitalised in 2016-2017
- low SES are 2x more likely to get type 2
- 75+ people have the highest prevalence
what is the risk factor for type 1 diabetes
- family history
- drinking water with increased nitrate
- exposure to viruses that destroy cells that produce insulin
- low vitamin D
- high omega 3 fatty acids
what are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes
- 45+ in age
- high blood pressure
- heart disease or heart attack
- overweight
- indigenous australians
low SES population
