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PDHPE > health priorities in australia - what are priority issues for improving australia's health > Flashcards

health priorities in australia - what are priority issues for improving australia's health Flashcards

1
Q

groups experiencing health inequalities

A
  • ATSI
  • socioeconomically disadvantaged
  • people in rural and remote areas
  • overseas born people
  • the elderly
  • people with disabilities
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2
Q

groups experiencing health inequalities : ATSI

A

they have the largest gap of inequalities in australia. they have compared wit non-ASTI;

  • increased mortality rate
  • decreased life expectancy
  • increased youth suicide
  • increased kidney disease
  • increased chronic disease
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3
Q

what are the sociocultural factors contributing to ATSI being a priority issue

A
  • increased domestic violence
  • disempowerment
  • decreased income
  • 47% single parent income
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4
Q

what are the socioeconomic factors contributing to ATSI being a priority issue

A
  • less than 2/3 working age population employed
  • low income
  • decreased rates of education complete
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5
Q

what are the environmental factors contributing to ATSI being a priority issue

A
  • isolation leads to lack of access
  • longer waiting time due to increased services
  • lack of health literacy due to low levels of education
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6
Q

what are the sociocultural factors contributing to rural + remote being a priority issue

A
  • greater ATSI population
  • family behaviour e.g. smoking + alcohol consumption
  • lower activity rates and family history of obesity
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7
Q

what are the socioeconomic factors contributing to rural + remote being a priority issue

A
  • decreased access to education and employment
  • limited access to goods and services
  • exposure to ‘heavy labour’ employment E.g. machinery, mines and farms
  • strong sense of community
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8
Q

what are the environmental factors contributing to rural + remote being a priority issue

A
  • decreased access to health facilities + screening
  • decreased access to health professionals
  • low health literacy leads to lack in access to services
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9
Q

role of individuals (ATSI) to face health inequalities

A
  • empowerment

- increased protective behaviours

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10
Q

role of communities (ATSI) to face health inequalities

A
  • involvement in design and implementation of health initiatives
  • aboriginal medical services E.g. purple house
  • australian indigenous doctors association
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11
Q

role of government (ATSI) to face health inequalities

A
  • close the gap initiatives

- indigenous chronic disease package

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12
Q

role of individuals (rural + remote) to face health inequalities

A
  • empowerment
  • increase protective behaviour]
  • maintaining enrolments in educational programs
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13
Q

role of communities (rural + remote) to face health inequalities

A
  • health services tailored to the community E.g. multipurpose centres
  • community support group
  • community fundraisers
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14
Q

role of government (rural + remote) to face health inequalities

A
  • royal flying doctor service

- rural + remote general practice program

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15
Q

groups experiencing health inequalities : people in rural and remote areas

A

30% australians live in rural and remote areas where the environmental location is identified as a determinant of health. they have;

  • higher rates of chronic illness
  • higher rates of injuries and road accidents
  • higher rates of liver diseases
  • higher rates of suicide
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16
Q

what are the indicators that rural + remote areas have poor health

A

increased;

  • obesity rates
  • smoking rates
  • inactivity
  • alcohol consumption
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17
Q

high levels of preventable chronic illness, injury and mental health problems

A
  • cardiovascular disease (CVD)
  • cancer (skin, breast, lung)
  • diabetes
  • respiratory disease
  • injury
  • mental health problems and illness
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18
Q

a growing and ageing population

A
  • healthy ageing
  • increased population living with chronic disease and disability
  • demand for health services and workforce shortages
  • availability of carers and volunteers
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19
Q

healthy ageing (a growing and ageing population)

A

process in which healthier behaviour choices are made to positively impact individual health and well-being, enabling good health for longer

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20
Q

why is healthy ageing promoted (a growing and ageing population)

A
  • can contribute to society and engage in workforce for longer
  • skillsets to educate younger generations
  • contribute to the economy
  • decrease the use of health care services and facilities
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21
Q

ageing and the workforce (healthy ageing)

A
  • there are 5 people of working age to support every person aged 65 and above
  • -> by 2047, there will only be 2.7
  • in 2016, 15% Australians are aged 65+ which is estimated to continue to grow
  • –> 2056 22%
  • –> 2096 25%
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22
Q

increased population living with chorionic disease and disability (a growing and ageing population)

A

due to increase survival rates of cancer and heart disease, more people live longer resulting in these people usually experiencing some disability or decrease in quality of life
–> increased needs for health expenditure + aged care facilities

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23
Q

chronic disease in Australia

A
  • nearly 9 in 10 deaths in 2016 were associated with chronic diseases
  • more than 1 in 3 were hospitalised in 2015-16 due to chronic disease
  • nearly 1 in 4 australians have chronic disease
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24
Q

demand for health services with workforce shortage (a growing and ageing population)

A

increase in age care requires the training and availability of staff in aged care

Australia has premium aged care system, however, as a result people are living longer
- “living better, living longer (2012” implemented by the australian government

25
Q

what should health care services be (a growing and ageing population)

A
  • sustainable + affordable
  • offer choice + flexibility
  • encourage businesses to invest + grow
  • provide diverse + rewarding career options
26
Q

availability of carers and volunteers (a growing and ageing population)

A

home care recipients have increased by 84% in the past 10 years due to home care package programs;

  • community
  • care at home
  • extended care at home
27
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

refers to any disease which affects the cardiovascular system

  • heart
  • blood vessels (arteries/veins)
  • blood
28
Q

what is the nature of the cardiovascular disease : arteriosclerosis

A
  • arteriosclerosis : hardening/narrowing of the arteries
29
Q

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : atherosclerosis

A
  • atherosclerosis : build up of fatty tissue in the interior walls of arteries
30
Q

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : coronary heart disease

A
  • coronary heart disease : poor blood supply to the muscular walls of the heart
31
Q

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : stroke

A
  • stroke : interruption of blood supply to the brain
32
Q

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : peripheral vascular disease

A

disease of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affects the limbs
- reduces blood flow to the legs

33
Q

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : angina

A

temporary loss of oxygenated blood to the heart

34
Q

what is the nature of cardiovascular disease : congenital heart disease

A

heart disease as a baby or at birth

35
Q

what is the extent of cardiovascular disease

A
  • 27% of deaths in 2017 had CVD as the underlying cause (43k)
  • 1.2 million australian adults had 1 or more vascular conditions
36
Q

what is the extent of cardiovascular disease to ATSI

A

indigenous people had CVD hospitalisation and death rates twice as high as non-indigenous

37
Q

what is the extent of cardiovascular disease to remote and rural areas

A

rural and remote areas had CVD hospitalisation and death rates that were 30% higher than major cities

38
Q

why is CVD currently decreasing in asutralia

A
  • decrease in risk factors
  • increase prevention strategies (reduced smoking, increased monitoring of hypertension levels and diet modifications)
  • increase in medical care + treatment (improved QoL)
39
Q

which group is most at risk of cardiovascular disease

A
  • males
  • people aged 65+
  • people with high-fat diets
  • family history
  • low SES groups
  • smokers
  • high cholesterol people
40
Q

what is cancer

A

refers to an uncontrolled growth of body cells

- a mutation of a single cell OR the division and multiplication of a mutated cell

41
Q

what is the nature of cancer

A

when cancerous cells develop, the immune system tried to attack cells by developing a layer around the cells called a tumour
- can be metastasis or secondary cancer

42
Q

what is the most common form of cancer in australia

A
  • lung
  • breast
  • skin
43
Q

what are benign cells

A

non-cancerous cells which grow slowly within a capsule

44
Q

what is malignant cells

A

cancerous cells which are not contained in a capsule

- spreads to other parts of the body to invade healthy tissues

45
Q

what is the extent of cancer

A
  • death rates are decreasing and survival rates are increasing
  • -> death rates have fallen by 24%+
  • 1 in 2 australians will be diagnosed with cancer by 70
  • 3 in every 10 deaths in 2016 was due to cancer
46
Q

what are risk factors of lung cancer

A
  • smoking
  • occupational exposure
  • air pollution
47
Q

what are risk factors of skin cancer

A
  • fair skin
  • fair or red hair
  • exposure to sun
  • prolonged exposure to sun
  • number or types of moles on skin
48
Q

what are risk factors of breast cancer

A
  • family history
  • high fat diet
  • early onset menstruation
  • late menopause
  • obesity
  • late age pregnancy
49
Q

what are protective factors of lung cancer

A
  • avoid exposure to tabacco smoke

- avoid exposure to hazardous materials

50
Q

what are protective factors of skin cancer

A
  • avoid excess sunlight

- reduce exposure by wearing sun protection

51
Q

what are protective factors of breast cancer

A
  • regular mammograms
  • self-examination
  • diet high in fruit and vegetables
  • low fat diet
52
Q

what is diabetes

A

disease where the body is unable to breakdown and use sugar

body produces insulin to help body use glucose for energy

53
Q

what are the types of diabetes

A
  • type 1
  • type 2
  • gestational
54
Q

the nature of type 1 diabetes

A
  • insulin dependent
  • minimal or no insulin
  • controlled by injecting insulin
  • unusual thirst + excessive urine
  • weight loss
  • children and young children
55
Q

nature of type 2 diabetes

A
  • non insulin dependent
  • insulin is not sufficient
  • controlled by lifestyle changes
  • lack of symptoms
  • increased inactivity and poor diet are contributors
  • 50+ years and the increasing number of young people
56
Q

nature of gestational diabetes

A
  • during pregnancy (24-28th week)
  • usually disappears after birth
  • increases the risk of type 2 diabetes
  • insulin to control blood glucose levels
57
Q

what is the extent of diabetes

A
  • 6% australian adults have diabetes
  • ATSI are 4 times more likely to get type 2 diabetes
  • 1.2 million people with diabetes are hospitalised in 2016-2017
  • low SES are 2x more likely to get type 2
  • 75+ people have the highest prevalence
58
Q

what is the risk factor for type 1 diabetes

A
  • family history
  • drinking water with increased nitrate
  • exposure to viruses that destroy cells that produce insulin
  • low vitamin D
  • high omega 3 fatty acids
59
Q

what are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes

A
  • 45+ in age
  • high blood pressure
  • heart disease or heart attack
  • overweight
  • indigenous australians
    low SES population

PDHPE (11 decks)

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