Health Inequalities Flashcards
What are individual reasons that people smoke?
○ Enjoyment ○ Keep weight down ○ Help concentrate ○ Relieve boredom ○ Cope with stress
what are community factors for why people smoke
○ Enjoyment
○ Relieve boredom
○ Socialise
what are wider social determinants that may cause people to smoke
○ Relieve boredom ○ Socialise ○ Unemployment ○ Access to services for cessation ○ Smoking breaks at work
what are ‘upstream’ interventions for tackling smoking
- tax increases
- smoking ban public places
- bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
- raising age of smoking from 16 to 18 years
- use of test purchasing to ensure law is being upheld
- ban on visibility of tobacco at point of sale
- registration scheme for shops who sell tobacco
- ban on sale of 10 packs of cigs
- ban on adults buying cigarettes for underage (proxy purchase)
what are ‘midstream’ interventions for tackling smoking
- Smoke free workplaces
- local community taxation, licensing taxation
- community support networks
- voluntary and community sector
- smoking cessation services groups
- social marketing approaches / campaigns
what are ‘downstream’ interventions for tackling smoking
- one to one interventions in GPs, GDPs, pharmacies
- advising
- signposting
- information leaflets / resources
- NRT
what are social determinants
social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are “born, grow, live, work and age”
What do upstream interventions aim to do
- include reform of fundamental scoial and economic structures and involve mechanisms for the redistribution of wealth, power, opportunities, and decision-making capacityies
- typically involve structural and system-level changes
what do midstream interventions aim to do
- seek to reduce risky behaviours or exposures to hazards by influencing health behaviours or psychosocial factors and / or by improving material working and living conditions
- generally occur at the community or organisational level
what are downstream interventions aim to do
- occur at the micro and / or individual level
- mitigate the inequitable impacts of upstream and midstream determinants through efforts to increase equitable access to health care services
what are economic, political and environmental conditions for social determinants of oral health
- poverty
- housing
- sanitisation
- leisure facilities
- shopping facilities
- employment
- work / educational
- environment
- income policy (international, national, local)
- commercial advertising
what are social and community context for social determinants of oral health
- social norms
- peer groups
- social capital
- cultural identity
- religion
what are oral health related behaviours for social determinants of oral health
- diet
- hygiene
- smoking
- alcohol
- injury
- service
what are individual factors for social determinants of oral health
- age
- sex
- genes
- biology
