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AA - GEOGRAPHY - Actual Spec > health impacts of global environmental change > Flashcards

health impacts of global environmental change Flashcards

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1
Q

comment on changes in distribution of global population

A
  • africa = biggest change and by 2100 set to triple
  • 2015 pop in asia = largest
  • overall world population is expected to increase
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2
Q

who are population predictions carried out by?

A

carried out by national governments and international organisations

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3
Q

what has UN estimated about world population?

A

that it will be 9 billion by 2030

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4
Q

describe changes in skin cancer cases from 2020-2060

A

-set to increase as risk becomes greater
sothern usa and floriada increase
band across central europe and asia

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5
Q

what are the causes of ozone depletion?

A

caused by halogenated carbons such as CFS

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6
Q

when does destruction of the ozone usually occur?

A

late winter and early spring

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7
Q

what happens if the ozone becomes depleted?

A

then more UV rays will reach the earth which can have serious impacts upon humans

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8
Q

what does extended exposure to UV have?

A

has harmful impacts upon human health including increased prevalence to skin cancers and cataract formation

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9
Q

when was the hole in the ozone discovered?

A

in 1985 the hole in the ozone was discovered over the antarctic continent

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10
Q

what is the Montreal protocol

A

banning CFCs responsible for

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11
Q

where do cateracts usually occur? (distribution)

A

africa
middle east
some south american countries

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12
Q

what is skin cancer caused by?

A

most skin cancers are caused by long term exposure to the sun or short periods of intense sun exposure and burning

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13
Q

how much has malignant melanoma increased by?

A

since 1970’s incidence rates have increased 5x

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14
Q

what are the risk factors to skin cancer?

A
  • exposure to UV radiation
  • outdoor workers e.g farmers builders
  • being fair skinned
  • age and family history
  • if experienced radiotherapy
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15
Q

where has the highest rates of skin cancer in UK?

A

south west and south east

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16
Q

why does the south of UK have the highest skin cancer cases?

A
  • higher temps
  • increased UV radiation
  • greater income
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17
Q

where has the highest rates of skin cancer in world?

A

Australia

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18
Q

why do australia have the highest skin cancer rates?

A
  • light skinned population
  • tropical latitude
  • high levels of UV radiation
  • cultural emphasis on outdoor activities
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19
Q

australia skin cancer facts

A

2/3s of australians will be diagnosed by age 70
2000 die of skin cancer each year
4x more likely to develop it
cost australian healthcare system 512.3 million

20
Q

what are cataracts?

A

form of eye damage which cause a loss of transparency in the lens leading to cloudiness of vision and sometimes blindness

21
Q

what are cataracts caused by?

A

can be caused naturally by ageing or because of diabetes also smoke from burning fuelwood and cigarettes

22
Q

how does ozone depletion cause cataracts?

A

increased ozone depletion means anyone who spends a lot of time outdoors is at risk of eye problems from UV radiation

23
Q

what are the risk factors for cataracts?

A

geographical location- UV levels greater in tropical areas
Altitude- UV levels higher at greater altitude
time of day - UV levels greater at 10-2
setting - UV levels greater in open spaces

24
Q

how can you prevent UV risk?

A

wearing good quality sun glasses blocks harmful UV radiation

25
Q

what are the treatments for cataracts

A

only type of effective treatment is surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it

26
Q

who is mostly affected by cataracts?

A

those living in rural areas in the developing world ass they are less able to afford treatment and prevention

27
Q

what are the health impacts climate change has?

A
  • increases in frequency and severity of storms
  • unhealthy air and pollutants
  • changes in temps could exacerbate the spread of disease
  • greater increases in infectious diseases following floods and storms
28
Q

how may global warming bring some benefits?

A

fewer winter deaths in temperate climates

increased food production in certain areas

29
Q

what are the health affects associated with global warming?

A

WHO estimate that between 2030 and 2050 there will be approximately 250,000 additonal deaths per yesr from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat stress

30
Q

certain groups more vulnerable to others to climate change, who are these?

A

poorer people more vulnerable
vulnerability depends on population density, level of economic development, food availability and availability of healthcare

31
Q

what is thermal stress (heatwaves, cold spells)

A

climate change will cause increased heat-related mortality and morbidity but decreased cold related mortality in temperate countries

32
Q

what are the main risks posed by a heat wave?

A

dehydration
overheating
heat exhaustion
heat stroke

33
Q

heat waves can lead to other health risks…

A 
smog 
growth of blue green algea in water courses 
odour, dust and vermin infestation 
wildfires 
water shortages
34
Q

where do heat waves have a bigger health impact?

A

much bigger health impact in cities than in suburban and rural areas

35
Q

cold spells

A

temperate countries e.g UK
death rates can be 25% higher in winter
climate change is set to bring milder winters in temperate regions leading to less winter deaths

36
Q

changing distribution of vector borne diseases

A

any change in temperature and precipitation from climate change will alter the geographical distribution of optimal conditions for vectors

37
Q

what are 3 examples of vector borne diseases?

A
  • malaria and dengue
  • lyme disease
  • zika virus
38
Q

malria and dengue

A

diseases will spread in warmer world reaching further geographical areas. areas already with malaria will be hit most

39
Q

lyme disease

A
  • most common vector borne disease in temperate climates
  • transmitted by the bite of infected deer ticks
  • associated with warmer weather and increased humidity
40
Q

zika virus

A

caused by bite of infected mosquito
mainly found in africa
pregnant women who contract are at risk of microcephally

41
Q

what are the direct impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity

A
  • in mid and high latitudes crop yield expected to increase
  • crops grown in lower latitudes could become more viable
  • large gains in russia due to longer pplanting season and more favourable conditions
42
Q

what do rising temps cause to agricultural productivity?

A

increase evaporation rates causing salinisation of soils and soils dry out making them vulnerable to desertification reducing yields

43
Q

what are the indirect impacts of climate change on agriculture?

A

pests and insects - more and more widespread
sea level rises- may lead to flooding of crops in low lying areas
changes in water availability

44
Q

the impacts of climate change on food production

A

will have uncertain and varying consequences for human health and nutrition

45
Q

how will climate change affect developed regions nutritional standards

A

-increased prices may lower nutritional quality of food which may exacerbate obesity

46
Q

how will climate change affect developing regions nutritional standards

A

nations experiencing rapid economic growth may shoft to more western diets

47
Q

how will climate change affect the least developed regions nutritional standards

A
  • most vulnerable

- climate change has given a combination of heavy rainfall and droughts which has led to crop failure

AA - GEOGRAPHY - Actual Spec (22 decks)

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