Health And Disease 2

Question 1

Describe the first two stages of developing new medicines

Answer 1

1) Discovery - screening organisms to see if they produce antibiotics that kill bacteria
2) Preclinical testing - antibiotics are tested in the lab to ensure the medicine works and gets into the cells without harming them

Question 2

Describe the final two stages of developing new medicine

Answer 2

3) Clinical trials: stage 1 - a small dose is given to a healthy volunteer to ensure its not toxic
4) Clinical trials: stage 2 - different doses of drug are tested on diseased patient

Question 3

What are monoclonal antibodies and what are they produced from?

Answer 3

Antibodies that carry useful chemical markers or treatments. They are produced from hybridoma cells.

Question 4

How are hybridoma cells formed?

Answer 4

By fusing a B lymphocyte cell and a cancer cell

Question 5

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

Answer 5

The antibody attaches to the pregnancy hormone in urine and causes an reaction with an indicator

Question 6

Why can using monoclonal antibodies be better than radiotherapy for treating cancer?

Answer 6

The antibodies can target a specific cell, so it doesn’t harm the surrounding healthy cells

Question 7

Name 2 factors that can affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases

Answer 7

Genes (different alleles are more prone to cell mutations), air pollution, lifestyle (eg. alcohol consumption and smoking)

Question 8

How do you calculate waist:hip ratio?

Answer 8

Waist / hip

Question 9

How do you calculate BMI?

Answer 9

Weight in kg / (height in metres)^2

Question 10

Name two physical plant defences and two chemical plant defences

Answer 10

Physical: bark and cellulose cell wall

Chemical: poisons in cells to deter pests and chemicals that kill pathogens