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Health and disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the definition of health?

A

state of complete physical. mental and social wellbeing

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2
Q

what is the definition of a disease ?

A

particular abnormal condition,that affects the normal functioning of an organism

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3
Q

what is the study of disease?

A

pathology

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4
Q

the disease is linked to

A

symptoms and signs that you have a disease

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5
Q

what is the definition the communicable

A

diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another, contagious or infectious

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6
Q

what is the definition non-communicable disease

A

diseases that can not be transferred from one sufferer to another, they often are linked to lifestyle and lead to premature death. examples include diabetes, heart attacks, and cancer

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7
Q

how does the spread happens in communicable diseases

A

via airborne virsus or bacteria but also through blood or other bodily fuild

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8
Q

name three examples of communicable diseases

A

polio,HIV and AIDS

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9
Q

what does it mean when diseases may be correlated

A

having one disease means a person is more likely to have another disease

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10
Q

what does a disease damage

A

the body’s natural barriers and defences, allowing pathogens to get into the body more easily

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11
Q

what does a disease stop

A

an organ system from working effectively, making other diseases more likely to occur

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12
Q

what is cancer

A

rapid and uncontolled growth of abnormal cells, non communicable diseasewhat

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13
Q

is cardiovascular disease

A

any condition that weakens tge heart and blood vessels and makes them less function,non comunicablew

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14
Q

type ii diabities

A

inability to control blood sugar levels,non communicable disease

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15
Q

chronic respoiratory diseases

A

diseases that affect the lungs for example asthma,non communciable d

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16
Q

arthristid

A

disease of the joints marked by painful swelling and stiffness,non communicable disease

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17
Q

allergies

A

extreme sensitivity to a substance,non communicable disease

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18
Q

what are three risk factos to prevent premature deaths

A

poor diet,tobacco,lack of physical acitity

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19
Q

mental illness impacrs

A

productivity decreases

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20
Q

what causes heart disease

A

not doijng enough exercise

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21
Q

what is scurvy

A

a deficienciy disease, lack of vitamin c

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22
Q

what are the sympoms of scruvy w

A

feeling very tired,muscle fatgue and swore legs

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23
Q

food that are high in vitaminc

A

broccli and potatoes

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24
Q

what is anamia

A

a deficiency disease, iron deficinecy

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25
Q

what are symptoms of anamia

A

tired weakness, shortness of breath

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26
Q

food that are high in iron

A

red meat beans and nuts

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27
Q

what is rickets

A

defiiciency disease,vitamin d deficiency

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28
Q

what are symptoms of rickets

A

bones become bent and soft

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29
Q

foods that are high in vitamin d

A

salmon,macrols and sardines

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30
Q

what is probability

A

a mathematical chance of a event reoccurring

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31
Q

what does scientific risk describe

A

the probablity a that a particular event occurs

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32
Q

what factors can you think og that increase your chance of getting a non communicable disease

A
  • alchol consumptions
  • durgs
  • lack of exercise
  • smoking
  • poor diet
  • radiation
  • genes
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33
Q

what could help stop getting a non communicable disease

A
  • healthy diet
  • regular exercise
  • reduce exercises
  • avoid smoki g
  • avoid drinking alchol
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34
Q

what is correlation

A

a link or assocaitation between two factors

35
Q

what is causal mechannism

A

explains how one factor affects another, using biological reasonings

36
Q

what is the equation for BMI

A

BMI = mass / height ^2

37
Q

what is a better measure of body fat for a weightlifter with larger muscles

A

Waist-to-hip ratio this is because it measures abdominal fat which is more closely linked to CVD.

38
Q

why BMI is not a good predictor of body fat for a weightlifter with large muscles?

A

BMI assumes that the mass of other body tissues is in proportion to height – however a weightlifter will have a much larger proportion of muscle than fat contributing to the mass.

39
Q

what is BMI

A

an estimate of how healthy a person’s bodymass is for there height

40
Q

what is cardiovascular disease

A

a disease in which the heart or the circulatory system does not function

41
Q

what is a heart attack

A

when yoour heart stops pumping due to a lack of oxygen

42
Q

what is obseity

A

a condition where someone is overweight for their height and has a BMI over 30

43
Q

whaat is stent

A

a small mesh tube used to widen narrow blood pressure and allow blood to flow

44
Q

what is a stroke

A

death of brain cells caused by lack of blood due to a blockage in a blood vessel in the brain

45
Q

what is waist to hip ratio

A

a measure of the amount of fat in the body,calculated by dividing the waist measurement by the hip measurement

46
Q

what is blood pressure

A

is a measure of the pressure exerted by the blood against
artery walls.

47
Q

what does blood pressure varies with

A
  • age
  • health
  • heart beat strength
  • blood volume
  • fitness
48
Q

Blood pressure is measured as two numbers, e.g. 120/80. What do these numbers show?

A

The big number (‘120’) is the systolic pressure. This is the blood pressure during a heartbeat.The small number (‘80’) is the
diastolic pressure. This is the blood pressure
in-between heartbeats.

49
Q

what exactly happens when you smoke

A
  1. tobbaco smoke enters the lunsg and substances from tobacco smoke damages the artery lining
    2.Substances diffuse out of the alveoli in the lungs into
    the blood
    3.Substances travel around the body in the blood
    4.Harmful substances damage the heart and blood vessels causing cardiovascular disease builds up in the artery wall at the site of damage making the artery narrower.A blood clot may block the artery in another part of the body
50
Q

State and explain two methods of treating cardiovascular disease.

A

1.A heart bypass operation inserts new arteries in the heart, to carry blood to damaged areas of the heart so that cells
contract properly

  1. Narrowed blood vessels can be widened with a stent to allow blood to flow through more easily
51
Q

what happens when you have high blood pressure

A

can make blood vessels more likely to burst, and can
cause strokes and kidney damage.

52
Q

what does low blood ppressure cause

A

can make blood vessels more likely to burst, and can
cause strokes and kidney damage.

53
Q

the older you get…

A

the higher your blood pressure because

54
Q

why shouldnt we eat lots of fast food

A

Fast food and takeaways such as curries, burgers and pizzas
are high in unhealthy nutrients such as saturated animal fats,
sugar and salt.Fast food usually contains very little fibre, vitamins,minerals or unsaturated vegetable oils, which are
important for a health diet.

55
Q

what is cholsterol

A

a lipid found in the cell membrane and is used in production of bile and hormones

56
Q

how is chloestrol transported

A

blood by molecules called lipoproteins

57
Q

what are thetwo types of lipoproteins

A

HDL and LDL

58
Q

what is HDL

A

high density lipoprotein is often called good cholesterol

59
Q

what is LDL

A

low desnity lipoproteinn is often called bad chloestrol

60
Q

what do chloestrol levels depend on

A

diet,genes, but high levels of LDL have been linked to eating lots of saturated fats

61
Q

why is LDL called bad Cholestrol

A

excess LDL depostied on the walls of the blood vessels which can lead to clots in the arteries, this can starve the heart of oxygen and cause heart disease

62
Q

why is HDL called good chloestrol

A

HDL returns chloestrol to the liver where it is metabolised

63
Q

how can the risk of heart disease be reduced

A
  • lower blood cholestrol
  • eating more HDL than LDL
  • gentle daily exercise
64
Q

what is the most common cause of death in smokers

A
  • lung cancer
    -coronary disease
    -bronchitis
65
Q

what is nicotine

A

an addictive drug

66
Q

how are comminciable dieases spread

A

by pathogens

67
Q

what are the four types of pathogens

A

bacteria,viruses,protists,fungi

68
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms that cause disease

69
Q

what are microorganisms

A

living things that are too small for us to see

70
Q

are viruses microoganisms

A

no because they are non living

71
Q

what happens when bacteria enters the body

A

they reproduce rapidly. They may produce waste products called toxins’ that make you feel bad. The toxins get carried around in your blood so even if the bacteria are only in one place in your body you feel the effects all over the body

72
Q

what happens when a lot of viruses have been produced

A

they will burst out of the cell destroying it. The viruses then invade other cells.

73
Q

what are the similarties betwen virus and bacteria

A

once they are inside the body they reproduce rapidly and cause symptoms such as high temp,headaches and fevers

74
Q

what type of pathogen is AIDS

A

virus

75
Q

what type of pathogen is chlorea

A

bacteria

76
Q

what type of pathogen is tuberculosis

A

bacteria

77
Q

what type of pathogen is chalarar die back

A

fungus

78
Q

how can pathogens soread

A

blood transmissions,water,contaminated food,animal vectors

79
Q

what are animal vectos

A

an organism that can pass a disease from one organism to another

80
Q

how does water cause pathogens to spread

A

water may contain bacteria

81
Q

how does contaminated food cause pathogens to spread

A

food may contain food poising bacteria such as salmonella

82
Q

how does contact cause pathogens to spread

A

skin to skin contact on moist surfaces

83
Q

what is an eoidemic

A

a communicable disease affects a greater number of people than is normal for a particular area or when a disease spreads to areas that are not usually associated with disease

84
Q
A

Biology (15 decks)

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