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exchange and transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what substances need to be exchanged within the body

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Digested foods (eg amino acids and glucose’ fatty acids)
Roughage (fibre) (undigested food)
Water
Salts (urea)
Ions
Nitrates
Heat
.

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2
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of gas or dissolved
molecules from higher to lower concentration.

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3
Q

do molcules diffuse up or down the concentration graident

A

down

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4
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

A difference in concentration between 2 areas

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5
Q

because diffusion is the movemnt of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration, the greater the concentration gradient…

A

the faster the rate of diffusion

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6
Q

what factors is diffusion effected by

A
  • surface area
  • thickness of membrane
    -concentration difference
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7
Q

what is the alveloi

A

tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles, in which gas exchange occurs.

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8
Q

how does surface area effect the rate of diffusion

A
  • Small particles can pass through membranes in organisms. - If the Surface Area is increased, there is more space through which particles can pass
  • and the overall rate of diffusion will increase
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9
Q

what is the realtionship between the rate of diffusion and surface area

A

directly proportional

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10
Q

how does diffusion distance effect the rate of diffusion

A
  • The further the particles have to diffuse the slower the rate of diffusion,
  • increasing the thickness of a membrane decreases the rate of diffusion.
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11
Q

what is the relationship between the rate f diffusion and diffusion distance

A

This relationship is inversely proportional. As one variable doubles, the other halves.

Rate of diffusion ∝ 1
Thickness of membrane

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12
Q

what is the realtionship between the rate of diffusion and concentration diffrence

A

directly proportional

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13
Q

what is concentration

A

A concentration is the amount of substance in a volume, commonly has the units g/cm3 or g.cm-3
g.dm-3

(1dm = 1 litre = 1000cm3)

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14
Q

what is the calculation for concentration inevolving mass and volume

A

concentration(g/dm-3) = mass divided by volume

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15
Q

what is the units for concetration

A

g/dm^-3

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16
Q

what is the units for mass

A

g

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17
Q

what is the units for volume

A

dm ^3

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18
Q

what is the calculation for mass involving concentration and volume

A

mass = concentration x volume

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19
Q

what is the calculation for volume invoving concentration and mass

A

volume = mass divided by concentration

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20
Q

what does fick’s law state

A

Shows the relationship between all the variables that affect diffusion

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21
Q

what is the equatiom for ficks law

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ SA x Concentration difference
Thickness of membrane

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22
Q

what is smoking and what does it do to you

A

Cigarettes contain chemicals which are inhaled when smoking. When a smoker inhales they take in those chemicals to their respiratory system.

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23
Q

how can susbtances like oxygen and carbon dioxide be transoort

A
  • diffusion
  • active transport
  • osmosis
    -transpiration
  • gas exchange
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24
Q

if there is a small animal what would be the surface to volume ratio

A

large surface area: volume ratio

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25
Q

if there is a big animal what would the surface area to volume ratio be

A

small surface area: volume ratio

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26
Q

gas and food molecules dissolved in water must do what

A

absorbed and waste products must be elimintaed

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27
Q

diffsuion only works effectively if…

A

the distance
over which the substances have to diffuse is small and the
organism has a large surface area compared to its volume.

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28
Q

For most cells, this passage of all materials in and out of
the cell must occur through the…

A

cell membrane

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29
Q

how large animals adpated

A

For most cells, this passage of all materials in and out of
the cell must occur through the

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30
Q

what are the adaptations for exchange surfaces

A
  • a large surface area for greater exchange – achieved by
    having a folded surface
  • a thin exchange surface for a short diffusion distance
  • Animals have a good blood supply due to an
    extensive capillary network to exchange materials to all
    cells of the body and can help to maintain a concentration gradient
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31
Q

how does gas exchange happen in teh lungs

A
  • in the lungs oxygen and carbon dioxide ( a waste product of body processes) are exchanged in tiny air sacs called alvoli at the end of the bronchial tubes
    -the alvoli is surrounded by capillaries
  • when a person inhales, oxygen moves away from the capillaries and into the blood stream
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32
Q

adaptations of the lungs

A
  • Large surface area
  • Moist lining (moisture dissolves
    gases)
  • Thin walls (alveoli have only 1 cell
    thick walls)
  • Copious blood supply
    -The capillaries walls are 1 cell thick
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33
Q

within the bodies normal cells the carbon dioxide is … lower or higher

A

higer

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34
Q

because the carbon dioxide is higher what does it mean

A

carbon dioxide diffuses out the cells and back into the blood which then goes back into the lungs

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35
Q

what are alvelous

A

Each air sac is found to be a bundle of air sacs.

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36
Q

what is the outside of the alveolisu covered in

A

tiny blood vessels

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37
Q

what are the adaptations of the root hair cells

A
  • Water enters root hair cells: tiny hairs covering the ends of the smallest roots.
  • They provide a large surface area for the absorption of water by the process of osmosis.
  • Water then moves from cell to cell through the root by osmosis down a concentration gradient.
  • This means that each cell has a lower water concentration than the one before
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38
Q

to increase thee rate of diffusion we rely on..

A

short distance for particles to diffuse
a large concentration gradient (difference between two concentrations)

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39
Q

alviloi gasses only have to cross how many cells

A

two

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40
Q

short distance and gradietn is maintained by

A

cinstant breathing so you have always got a higher concentration of oxygen in the lungs than the blood

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41
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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42
Q

what are phagocytes

A

white blood cellls

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43
Q

what is a circulatory system

A

consists of a group of organs that assist the movement of substnaces such as oxygen and glucose around the body

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44
Q

what happens in a closed circulatory system

A

it is where blood is contained within a series of vessels. This allows the speed, pressure and distribution of blood to be controlled

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45
Q

what organisms have a closed circulatory system

A

humans and other complex organisms

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46
Q

WHAT THREE ESSENTIAL COMPONETS DO THE BODY NEEED TO SURVIVE

A
  • your heart
  • blood vessels
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47
Q

hw many circuits ford the body consists of

A

two

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48
Q

what are the two circuits that the body have called

A

pulmonary (lungs ) and systemetic (body)

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49
Q

how does exercise affect the double circulatory system

A

causes the heart to pump blood faster around the body, which in turn allows you to exercise for longer.

50
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

our circulory system is intow parts pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body)

51
Q

what does the right sight of the heart deal with

A

deals with deoxygentaed blood

52
Q

how many parts isthe heart split into

A

two

53
Q

what does theleft sight of the heart deal with

A

oxygenated blood

54
Q

what sepertaes the two halves the heart

A

septum

55
Q

why do we have a septum

A

so that the oxygenated and deoxygenated are seperated

56
Q

what makes the blood red

A

the protein hameglobin

57
Q

what is in the blood

A

plasma , platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

58
Q

what are the functiosn of blood

A
  • transporting oxygen,glucose,urea,hormones
59
Q

do we keep thesame blood forever

A

no

60
Q

where is new blood cell made

A

bone marrow

61
Q

what happened to the old blodd

A

destroyed by whie blood cells in the liver and then we excrete it as feces

62
Q

what does haemoglobin bind to

A

oxygen

63
Q

what is blood

A

organ
- transports materials and heart aroound the body,and helps to protect aganost diseas

64
Q

which cells carries oxygen

A

red blood cells

65
Q

what s plasma

A

makes the blood liquid

66
Q

which part os onvolved in stopping blood loss

A

platlets

67
Q

what happens when you have alow platelet cunt

A

you wont have clotting of teh blood easily

68
Q

which part carries heat protein and water

A

plasma

69
Q

what are the three main things that the blood does

A
  • transport
  • protection - regulation
70
Q

what is the function of red blood cell

A

to carry oxygen from the lunges to every cellin the rest of the body

71
Q

name the four components of the blood

A

red blood cells , platletes,plasma , white blood cells

72
Q

what is the function of the white blod cell s

A

to fight infections by pathegons and stop diseases

73
Q

what is the function of the plasma

A

carries blood cells and plateles around the body

74
Q

what are the function of plateletes

A

broken down parts of cells that form scabs

75
Q

how are the red blood cells adapted for their role

A

Red blood cells do not have a nucleus to maximise the oxygen they can carry. They have dips on both sides to maximise their surface area to absorb oxygen as quickly as possible. This shape is called biconcave.Oxygen moves by diffusion into red blood cells in the lungs. They have a chemical inside them called haemoglobin, a red pigment which binds with the oxygen to carry oxygen to where it is needed for
respiration.This reaction is reversed near the cells.

76
Q

whydo our veins appear blue

A

red light has a long wavelength and blue light has a shorter wavelength. The blue light reflects back to us making our veins appear blue, warmer spectrum color penetrates throughthr skin, and muscles are absorbed by our blood

77
Q

what arethe three tyles of blood vessle s

A

veins arteries capillaries

78
Q

what do the veins do

A

carry blood back to the heart from your organd

79
Q

what does the arteries do

A

carry blood away to the blood

80
Q

what do capillaries do

A

go between the cells in the body

81
Q

structure of the artery

A

Thick muscular walls, carries oxygenated blood at high pressure from the heart to the organs.

82
Q

structure of capillary

A

very thin walls, one celll thick,substances needed by cells can pass from blood, small and narrow

83
Q

do arteires have a big or small lumen

A

smalll lumen

84
Q

how do you feel your pulseb

A

arteries stretch as blood is forced through them and then return to their orginal shape

85
Q

what happens as a result of your arteries being under pressure

A

dangerous to cut as blood will spurt out every time the heart beats

86
Q

are artery walls strong

A

yes and also elastic

87
Q

why are veins a deep purple colour

A

blood low in oxygen

88
Q

is there a pulse in the veins

A

no

89
Q

because there is low blood pressure in the veins what happens

A

the valves prevent backflow of blood

90
Q

what do the skeletal muscles do in order for the blood to be squeezed back towards the heart

A

contract

91
Q

what kind of surface area to volume ratio capillaries

A

large

92
Q

what is the function of the capillaries

A

supply glucose and oxygen to the cells and exchange of materials to tissue

93
Q

WHAT IS OXYGENATED BLOOD

A

blood that contins xygen and found in oxygen normally the colour red

94
Q

what is the deoxygenated blood

A

blood that does not contain oxygen and mainly found in veins

95
Q

what is the heart made up of

A

muscles

96
Q

how is the heart unlike any other muscle

A

never tires and even though it is full of blood it steal need it own supply

97
Q

each side of theheart has two chambers what is the top chamber called

A

the artrium

98
Q

each side of the heart has two chambers. what is the bottom chamber called

A

ventricle

99
Q

what is oxygenated blood carried to the heart by

A

coronary arteries

100
Q

what does the heartdo when the muscles within it contract

A

pumps blood

101
Q

what happens as the mucles contract to the chamber

A

get smaller and squeezes the blood out

102
Q

the two sides of the contract together or seperately

A

together :The atria contract and relax
at the same time, as do the ventricles.

103
Q

hwo does blood work in the heart

A
  1. blood enters through the vena cava
  2. then passes into the right artium and then into the right ventricle
    3.muscles in the right ventricle wall psh blood through the pulmonsry artery which carries the blood to the lungs
  3. at the same time, blood from the lungs enters the heart throguh the pulmonary vein
  4. then passes throguh the left atrium and into the left ventricle
  5. musclesin the left ventricle wall push the loood through the aorta,which takes the blood to the rest of the blood
104
Q

what is the order of the vessels and chambers in order that blood flows through them

A
  1. vein cava
    2.right atrium
  2. right ventricle
    4.pulmonary artery
    5.lungs
    6.pulmonary vein
  3. left atrium
    8.left ventricle
    9.aorta
105
Q

what type of blood vessel is the vein cava

A

vein

106
Q

what type of blood vessel is an artery

A

aorta

107
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

108
Q

what is respiration

A

process of were we are releasing energy from food

109
Q

where does respiration take place

A

mitachondira

110
Q

how does repsiration it work

A

we release energy from food

111
Q

why is respiration importat

A

living things generate energy to do daily activites using cellar repiration

112
Q

what is cellur respiration

A

process of oidising foodmolevuless,like glucose to carbon dioxide and water to release energy

113
Q

what does cellur respiration refes to

A

the breakdown of glucose relaseenergy carrying molecules called ATP

114
Q

what is a word equation for

A

ozygen + glucose -> carbon dioxided + water

115
Q

what is respiration the reverse of

A

photsynethesis

116
Q

what is the mitochonaria

A

where respiration tkes

117
Q

why do atheletes use energy drinks

A

there are realy concentrated amounts of glucose andif you exercise you would use up your glycogen stores.

118
Q

why would cyclist have things that are high in starch

A

starch is a compelxcarbohydrate and overtime is turned into glucose ober time

119
Q
A
120
Q

what substances need to be exchanged within the body

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Digested foods (eg amino acids and glucose’ fatty acids)
Roughage (fibre) (undigested food)
Water
Salts (urea)
Ions
Nitrates
Heat
.

Biology (15 decks)

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