healing of fractures

Question 1

phases

Answer 1

inflammatory/haematoma phase
soft callus phase
hard callus phase
remodelling phase

Question 2

inflammatory/haematoma phase

Answer 2

up to one week
acute inflammation
hhaematoma formation
inflammatory cytokines
fibroblasts - granulation tissue
angiogenesis

Question 3

soft callus phase

Answer 3

1 week - 1 month
chrondroblasts and fibroblasts
fibrous tissue + cartilage

Question 4

hard callus phase

Answer 4

1-4 months
soft callus resorbed and replaced by osteoid from osteoblsts
osteoid mineralised (hydroxyapatite)
united, solid, pain free

Question 5

remodeling phase

Answer 5

up to severala years
hard callus remodels to woven bone then lamellar bone
osteoclasts/osteoblasts
medullary canal reforms
remodels according to stresses / loading

Question 6

diagnosing aa bone injury

Answer 6

2 veiws (AP/lateral)
2 joints (above and below)
2 sides (comparison)
2 times (before and after)

Question 7

treating the fracture

Answer 7

1. does it need to be reduced
2. does the reduction need to be anatomical or acceptable
3. does the reduction need to be held with internal or external fixation
4. how long should the fracture be immobilised for