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Pathology. Inflammation. > Healing and Repair 2. > Flashcards

Healing and Repair 2. Flashcards

1
Q

When does primary healing occur?

A

When the edges of the wound lie quite close to each other.

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2
Q

When does secondary healing occur?

A

When there is a very large gap between the wound edges.

The intervening tissue must be filled in before the skin can join back together.

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3
Q

What are the 6 steps in primary healing?

A

Clot formation.

Inflammatory response.

Fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation.

Continuity of blood flow.

Epithelial regeneration.

Collagen formation.

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4
Q

What occurs during clot formation?

A

The gap between the opposed tissues becomes sealed with coagulated blood.

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5
Q

What occurs during the inflammatory response of healing?

A

There will be inflammation around the wound.

This means we will see immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.

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6
Q

When do macrophages appear at a site of inflammation?

A

When it becomes chronic.

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7
Q

What happens during the fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation of healing?

A

These 2 cell types form a lattice like formation to help stabilise the injured tissue.

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8
Q

What happens in healing once the granulation tissue has been formed?

A

We get blood vessels from one side of the wound joining up with blood vessels on the other side of the wound.

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9
Q

What is neo-vascularisation?

A

The process by which blood vessels on one side of a wound join up with blood vessels on the other side of a wound.

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10
Q

What happens in the epithelial regeneration stage of healing?

A

Epithelial cells grow on top of the granulation tissue.

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11
Q

What is collagen formation also known as?

A

Scarring

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12
Q

What is the point of collagen formation during wound healing?

A

It strengthens the injury site.

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13
Q

What are the 7 steps of secondary healing?

A

Fibrosis.

Blood coagulation.

Inflammatory response.

Fibrin deposition in the wound.

Granulation tissue proceeds from the edges to completely fill the wound.

Fibrous connective tissue forms.

Collagen contraction.

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14
Q

What 2 things are lost in injury sites that have undergone secondary healing?

A

The adnexa.

Some vascular components.

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15
Q

What are 5 things that affect healing?

A

The strength of the stimuli for cell proliferation.

Physiologic conditions.

The mobility of the tissue.

The tissue type.

Immunodeficiencies.

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16
Q

What is important about the stimulus for healing?

A

The amount of stimulus, as too much healing leads too proud flesh and too little does not solve the problem.

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17
Q

What is essential for healing stimuli to function correctly?

A

Good perfusion to the area.

This is why we don’t make bandages too tight.

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18
Q

Getting rid of what from a wound will help lead to an appropriate healing stimuli?

A

Dead tissue.

19
Q

What can we use to increase healing stimuli?

A

Drugs.

20
Q

What vitamin affects protein and collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C.

21
Q

What are 4 factors that affect healing speed?

A

Nutrition.

Stress.

Blood supply.

Temperature.

22
Q

How do steroids affect healing time?

A

They slow it down.

23
Q

Is it best for animals to rest areas of the body if there is an injury to a mobile area?

A

Yes.

24
Q

Where do primary immunodeficiencies arise from?

A

They are inherited.

25
Q

Where do acquired immunodeficiencies arise from?

A

The environment.

26
Q

What are 4 examples of primary immunodeficiencies?

A

Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency.

Canine cyclical neutropenia.

Severe combined immunodeficiency.

Hypotrichosis with thymic aplasia.

27
Q

What are 4 examples of acquired immunodeficiencies?

A

Viral infections.

Toxins.

Age.

Failure of passive transfer.

28
Q

Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency occurs in what types of cattle?

A

Holstein calves.

29
Q

What causes bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

A mutation in the gene that codes for integrin.

Intergrin helps with leukocyte rolling and adhesion.

30
Q

How does bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency affect the cows healing process?

A

There is reduced inflammatory cell response and granule production during inflammation.

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

Severe ulcers on the oral mucosa.

Loss of teeth.

Chronic pneumonia.

Recurrent or chronic diarrhea.

32
Q

Canine cyclical neutropenia is most likely to occur in what animals?

A

Rough and smooth coated collies.

33
Q

What causes canine cyclical neutropenia?

A

An autosomal recessive mutation.

34
Q

What are visible signs seen in collies with canine cyclical neutropenia?

A

They have a diluted coat colour.

35
Q

How does canine cyclical neutropenia affect collies?

A

Every 2 weeks bone marrow stops producing white blood cells for a short period and then it starts again.

This causes white blood cell numbers to rise and fall periodically.

36
Q

What white blood cell is particularly affected by canine cyclical neutropenia?

A

Neutrophils as they are very short lived and constantly need to be replaced.

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine cyclical neutropenia?

A

Recurrent bacterial septicemia.

Pneumonia.

Gastroenteritis.

38
Q

How can we treat dogs with canine cyclical neutropenia?

A

Bone marrow transfusion.

39
Q

What 5 animals are affected by the 2 forms of severe combined immunodefficiency syndrome?

A

Form 1.
Arabian horses.

Jack Russells.

Mice.

Form 2.
Basset Hounds.

Welsh Corgis.

40
Q

How does SCID affect Jack Russells, Arabians and mice?

A

It affects DNA kinase which helps lymphocytes detect antigens.

Without DNA kinase lymphocyte receptors don’t work and there is no immune response.

41
Q

In what 3 ways does SCID affect corgis and bassets?

A

The IL-2 receptor is affected and this means there cannot be T cell proliferation.

B cells produce low amounts of IGG, no IGA and normal amounts of IGM.

Class switching cannot occur.

42
Q

How does hypotrichosis with thymic aplasia occur mice and cats?

A

There is a mutation in the FOXN1 gene which codes for hair and thymus development.

43
Q

How does hypotrichosis with thymic aplasia affect mice and cats?

A

No T -lymphocytes are produced.

44
Q

Failure of pssive transfer is most likely to occur in what animal?

A

Foals.

Pathology. Inflammation. (7 decks)

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