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Pathology. Inflammation. > Healing and Repair 1. > Flashcards

Healing and Repair 1. Flashcards

1
Q

What is overall goal of treating inflammation?

A

To remove the thing that is causing the inflammation and to restore homeostasis.

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2
Q

Can inflammatory responses damage host tissue?

A

Yes.

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3
Q

What causes hypersensitivity diseases?

A

Normal immune responses where the immune system attacks antigens from the animals own body.

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4
Q

What antigens cause type-1 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Environmental and food antigens that cause immediate and persistent release of inflammatory mediators.

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5
Q

What cells are involved in type-1 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Mast cells.

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6
Q

What usually causes type-1 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Allergies.

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7
Q

What antigens cause type-2 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Antigens on the animals own body.

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8
Q

What part of the immune system is involved in type-2 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

The complement system and cytopathic antibodies.

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9
Q

What are cytopathic antibodies?

A

Antibodies formed against antigens that they shouldn’t attack.

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10
Q

What are type-3 hypersensitivity reactions characterised by?

A

The excessive formation of antigen-antibody complexes.

These block capillaries and activate the complement system.

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11
Q

Type-3 hypersensitivity reactions commonly cause what 2 types of inflammation?

A

Glomerulonephritis.

Vasculitis.

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12
Q

What immune cells are involved in type-4 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Cytotoxic T cells.

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13
Q

What usually causes type-4 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Cytotoxic T cells cause apoptosis in healthy cells.

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14
Q

What condition can arise if the pancreas is affected by a type-4 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type I diabetes mellitus.

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15
Q

What kind of arthritis can be caused by a type-4 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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16
Q

How do neutrophils aid with healing?

A

They remove cellular debris to aid healing.

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17
Q

How does fibrin aid with healing?

A

It protects the surfaces of the tissue.

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18
Q

What causes recurrent inflamamtion?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages arriving at the same time.

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19
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms by which healing can occur?

A

Healing by regeneration.

Healing by repair.

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20
Q

How does healing by regeneration take place?

A

Dead cells are replaced by an identical cell type and tissue.

Homeostasis is restored.

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21
Q

How does healing by repair take place?

A

Dead cells must be replaced by another cell type, usually fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue).

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22
Q

What determines the healing process that is used?

A

The extent of the injury.

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23
Q

What must be present for healing by regeneration to take place?

A

The progenitor cells and underlying supportive tissue must still be present.

24
Q

When does healing by repair take place?

A

When there is loss of progenitor cells and underlying supportive tissue.

25
Q

What kind of cells have high regenerative capacity?

A

Labile cells.

26
Q

What kind of cells have regenerative capacity when stimulated?

A

Stabile cells.

27
Q

What kind of cells have little to no regenerative capacity?

A

Permanent cells.

28
Q

What are labile cells?

A

Cells with high turnover.

Tissues that regenerate for the lifespan of the host.

E.g. Skin/gut cells.

29
Q

What tissues tend to be made up of stabile cells?

A

Many parenchymatous organs such as the liver, kidney, pancreas etc.

30
Q

Do all stabile cells have the same regenerative capacity?

A

No, it varies.

31
Q

What are 2 things that stimulate stabile cells to regenerate?

A

Growth mediators.

Hormones.

32
Q

When are neurons capable of repair?

A

If there is an intact cell body and the myelin sheath and supportive connective tissue are still present.

33
Q

If the myelin sheath of a nerve is severed then what part of the nerve will be affected?

A

Everywhere distal to that area will be affected and will degenerate.

34
Q

If the myelin sheath of a nerve is partially damaged then what part of the nerve will be affected?

A

The supportive connective tissue can cause regeneration.

35
Q

What cells regenerate bone?

A

Osteoblasts.

36
Q

How do bones regenerated?

A

A haematoma forms and clots the blood around the break.

Fibrous connective tissue comes in and osteoblasts calcify it to form bone.

37
Q

Cells in what 3 areas of the body will not be able to repair themselves?

A

Skeletal muscle cells.

Cardiac muscle cells.

Cells in the CNS.

38
Q

What kind of healing always takes place in permanent cells?

A

Replacement with scar tissue.

39
Q

How can healing by repair damage organs?

A

Becuase it leaves scar tissue which means the organ cannot function properly.

40
Q

Granulation tissue is a hallmark of what kind of inflammation?

A

Chronic inflammation.

41
Q

What is granulation tissue composed of?

A

New blood vessels and myo-fibroblasts.

42
Q

When does granulation tissue appear?

A

When blood vessels proliferate and grow towards the area of injury and mature into blood vessels.

43
Q

The proliferation of blood vessels has what name?

A

Angiogenesis.

44
Q

What are endothelial tubes?

A

The structures created when blood vessels proliferate during angiogenesis.

45
Q

Why does tissue around fibroblasts start to look pink?

A

As the fibroblasts secrete collagen.

46
Q

What kind of regenerative capacity do endothelial cells have?

A

They are stabile cells so they need a stimulus in order to repair.

47
Q

What is granulation tissue composed of?

A

New blood vessels and fibrobalsts.

48
Q

How do the new blood vessels and fibroblasts grow during the formation of granulation tissue?

A

They criss-cross each other to form a lattice formation.

49
Q

What does granulation tissue form from?

A

Healthy tissue at the edge of a wound.

It then migrates inward and matures to fibrous scar tissue.

50
Q

How does granulation/scar tissue become stronger?

A

As more collagen is secreted the tissue becomes stronger.

51
Q

What is the function of myofibroblasts in granulation tissue formation?

A

They contract and bring the tissue together.

52
Q

What is exuberant granulation tissue formation?

A

Proudflesh.

This is where the granulation tissue keeps growing as there is not stimulus to stop.

53
Q

What 4 things is exuberant granulation tissue formation associated with?

A

Excessive movement.

Lack of soft tissue.

Infection.

Low blood supply.

54
Q

What possibly leads to the lack of a stop proliferating signal in the formation of exuberant granulation tissue?

A

Fibroblasts fail to go through apoptosis.

55
Q

What is damaged tissue in the CNS replaced with?

A

Reactive astrocytes and microglial cells that act as scaffolding to produce a glial scar

56
Q

What is the function of a glial scar in the CNS?

A

It prevents axonal and neuronal growth.

Pathology. Inflammation. (7 decks)

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