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Pathology. Inflammation. > Exudates. > Flashcards

Exudates. Flashcards

1
Q

What is transudate?

A

The fluid that is forced out of blood vessels when there is increased hydraulic pressure.

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2
Q

What is exudate?

A

The cells and fluid that leaked out of a blood vessel during inflammation.

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3
Q

What is the main difference between exudate and transudate?

A

Cells are present in exudate, but not present in transudate.

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of an exudate?

A

A fluid component.

A cellular component.

A chemical component.

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5
Q

What 2 cells are found in the cellular component of an exudate?

A

Granulocytes.

Mononuclear cells.

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6
Q

What is found in the chemical component of an exudate?

A

Factors that drive and regulate inflammation.

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7
Q

What determines the type of fluid, cells and factors in an exudate?

A

The tissue that is affected and the length of time the exudate has been being produced.

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of exudate based on timeframe?

A

Acute. Less than 10 days.

Chronic. More than 10 days.

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of acute exudate?

A

Serous exudate.

Serohemorrhagic exudate.

Fibrinous exudate.

Catarrhal exudate.

Purulent exudate.

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of chronic exudate?

A

Lymphoplasmacytic exudate.

Granulomatous exudate.

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11
Q

What is a serous exudate composed of?

A

Blood plasma and very few cells.

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12
Q

What 4 areas of the body are serous exudates often seen in?

A

Body cavities.

The skin.

The lungs.

The mucosal surfaces.

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13
Q

How does serous exudate appear?

A

As a clear or lightly red tinged fluid.

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14
Q

What kind of injury produces a serous exudate?

A

Mild or early injury.

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15
Q

Are there red blood cells present in a serous exudate?

A

No.

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16
Q

What are the 4 microscopic features of a serous exudate?

A

Pink and homogenous.

High in protein.

Low in inflammatory cells.

Few red blood cells

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17
Q

How do red blood cells get into a serous exudate?

A

Via diapydesis.

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18
Q

What 2 things causes a serohemorrhagic exudate?

A

Widespread diapedesis.

Mild vascular damage.

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19
Q

What is the difference between a serous exudate and a serohemorrhagic exudate?

A

A serohemorrhagic exudate is more red.

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20
Q

Is a serohemorrhagic exudate an example of true haemorrhage?

A

No.

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21
Q

What does serohemorrhagic exudate indicate?

A

That there may be damage to the blood vessel.

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22
Q

How can you differentiate between serohaemorrhagic exudate and true haemorrhage?

A

Test the haematocrit.

If the haematocrit is above 50% then it is a true haemorrhage.

If it is below 50% then it is a serohaemorrhagic exudate.

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23
Q

How does the body benefit from a serohaemorrhagic or serous exudate?

A

As the area of inflammation is diluted which helps reduce some inflammatory factors.

It helps as the fluid is nutrient rich and this helps the cells gain energy.

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24
Q

When can a serohaemorrhagic or serous exudate be harmful?

A

Only if it is present in certain areas.

E.g. The thorax where it prevents the lungs from expanding.

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25
Q

What happens to the fluid from a serohaemorrhagic or serous exudate after the infection has gone?

A

The fluid is absorbed into the lymphatic system.

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26
Q

What does a fibrinous exudate tell us?

A

That there are higher levels of inflammation than if only serous exudate was present.

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27
Q

A fibrinous exudate indicates that there is damage to waht area of the body?

A

To blood vessels.

Or that the blood vessels are incredibly leaky.

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28
Q

What is the major component of a fibrinous exudate?

A

Fibrinogen that escapes through the blood vessel wall and is converted to fibrin.

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29
Q

What are the 2 appearances of a fibrinous exudate?

A

One has a rough appearance.

The other has a yellow sticky appearance.

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30
Q

How does a fibrinous exudate appear microscopically?

A

It has an inhomogeneous pink appearance and it appears stringy due to the fibrin.

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31
Q

What is a pseudomembrane?

A

A mat of fibrin that can be pulled off.

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32
Q

What is a diphtheritic membrane?

A

A mat of fibrin where pulling off the mat results in ulceration.

33
Q

What is a fibrin cast?

A

A mat of fibrin that cannot be pulled off the surface it is attached to.

34
Q

How does fibrinous exudate benefit the body?

A

It protects the inflamed area from damage.

It prevents blood loss and traps pathogens.

35
Q

What is the potential negative effect of a fibrinous exudate?

A

It can restrict organ function and movement.

36
Q

What happens to a fibrinous exudate once the infection disappears?

A

It is dissolved or reabsorbed.

But if the inflammation continues the exudate sticks to the connective tissue and becomes permanent.

37
Q

What happens if fibrinous exudate becomes fibrous?

A

It becomes permanent and it can contract and put strain on organs.

38
Q

What is the major difference between fibrinous exudate and fibrous tissue?

A

Fibrinous exudate can be pulled off like string.

Fibrous (scar) tissue cannot be pulled off.

39
Q

When does cattarhal exudate occur?

A

When there is inflammation of the mucus membrane.

40
Q

What is characteristic of a cattarhal exudate?

A

Increased mucus secretion.

41
Q

What 3 areas of the body are commonly affected by a cattarrhal exudate?

A

The GI tract.

The respiratory tract.

The urogenital tract.

42
Q

Why is a cattarrhal exudate purple in colour?

A

As there are a lot of lipids in it.

43
Q

What are the 3 benefits of a catarrhal exudate?

A

The layer of mucus protects the organ surface by trapping pathogens.

The mucus contains inflammatory factors.

The mucus absorbs foreign material.

44
Q

What are 3 problems associated with catarrhal exudate?

A

It traps beneficial things such as nutrients etc.

It prevents some substances from being absorbed.

It can be very hard to get rid of the mucus.

45
Q

How is the mucus from a catarrhal exudate removed from the body?

A

It is removed and flushed out the system once the infection has gone.

46
Q

What immune cells cause a purulent exudate?

A

Neutrophils.

47
Q

What is a purulent exudate characterised by?

A

Puss.

48
Q

Abscesses contain what kind of exudate?

A

A purulent exudate.

49
Q

How do neutrophils cause a purulent exudate?

A

They de-granulate and this damages surrounding tissue which forms the puss.

50
Q

What pathogen usually causes purulent exudates?

A

Bacterial infections.

51
Q

What is an empyema?

A

A puss filled cavity.

52
Q

What prefix is usually used for infections containing puss?

A

Pyo.

E.g. Pyothorax.

53
Q

What is an abcess?

A

An area of inflammation that does not resolve and becomes encapsulated.

54
Q

Are abcesses chronic or acute?

A

Chronic.

55
Q

What is the benefit of an abcess?

A

It prevents the infection from spreading through the body.

56
Q

How do purulent discharges/abcesses damage the host?

A

There is massive disruption of host tissue.

57
Q

How do we get rod of absesses?

A

By getting rid of the cause of the inflammation.

58
Q

Are purulent exudates chronic or acute exudates?

A

Acute.

59
Q

What 3 immune cells are involved in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils.

Eosinophils.

Mast cells.

60
Q

What 2 immune cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes.

Macrophages.

61
Q

What vascular changes are associated with acute inflammation?

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

62
Q

What vascular changes are associated with chronic inflammation?

A

Neovascularization (production of more blood vessels).

63
Q

What are the 2 systemic changes associated with acute inflammation?

A

Fever.

Leukocytosis.

64
Q

What are the 3 systemic changes associated with chronic inflammation?

A

Low grade fever.

Weight loss.

Anemia.

65
Q

Is fibrin associated with acute or chronic inflammation?

A

Acute.

66
Q

Is fibrosis associated with acute or chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic.

67
Q

What immune cells are found in granulomatous exudate?

A

Macrophages.

68
Q

What causes a granulomatous exudate?

A

Pathogens that are difficult to eliminate.

Fungi.

Parasites.

Mycobacteria.

Foreign body.

69
Q

What is the appearance of a granulomatous exudate?

A

It is not very fluid.

This inflammation causes the tissue to be enlarged, firm and pale

70
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A type of granulomatous inflammation where macrophages wall off the cause of inflammation.

71
Q

What is the benefit of a granulomatous exudate?

A

It sequesters the cause of the problem.

The body cannot defeat the cause, so it walls it off.

72
Q

What is the potential negative effect associated with garnulomatous exudates?

A

If containment doesn’t work then the infection will get worse.

73
Q

What is a lymphoplasmacytic exudate?

A

A mix of lymphocytes and plasma cells in very typical areas of the body.

74
Q

What 4 areas of the body do we often see a lymphoplasmacytic exudate?

A

The portal triad of the liver.

The lamina propria of the intestine.

The interstitial space of the kidney.

The bronchioles of the lungs

75
Q

How do we name a lymphoplasmacytic exudate?

A

Using Peri- + Location + Cuffing.

E.g. Lymphoplasmacytic peribronchiolar cuffing.

76
Q

What is the benefit of a lymphoplasmacytic exudate?

A

The adaptive immune system is involved.

This means the immune response is specifically targeted at a particular pathogen.

77
Q

What is a potential negative associated with a lymphoplasmacytic exudate?

A

It can lead to organ disfunction.

78
Q

When will a lymphoplasmacytic exudate resolve?

A

When the cause is removed.

Pathology. Inflammation. (7 decks)

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