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Pathology. Inflammation. > 2. The Cellular Response. > Flashcards

2. The Cellular Response. Flashcards

1
Q

How do we recognise neutrophils?

A

They have segmented nuclei and this gives it the appearance of having multiple lobes.

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2
Q

How do we recognise eosinophils?

A

They contain large red/pink granules.

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3
Q

How do we recognise basophils?

A

They contain large blue granules within them and they look like a blueberry.

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4
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Only in the blood.

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5
Q

How do we recognise mast cells?

A

They have very small granules which can often be seen extracellularly.

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6
Q

What kind of immune cells have a kidney bean shaped nucleus within them?

A

Monocytes and macrophages.

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7
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes are found in the blood.

Macrophages are found in the tissue.

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8
Q

How do we recognise lymphocytes?

A

They have nuclei located on one side.

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9
Q

Are lymphocytes plasma cells?

A

Yes (B and T cells).

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10
Q

Where are neutrophils produced?

A

In the bone marrow.

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11
Q

How long does it take for neutrophils to respond to a stimulus?

A

They respond very quickly.

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12
Q

How do neutrophils kill pathogens?

A

By phagocytosis

By releasing granules that kill pathogens.

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13
Q

Do neutrophils have intracellular or extracellular killing?

A

Both.

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14
Q

Are neutrophils long lived?

A

No, once they are released into the blood they circulate for around 10 hours before they die.

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15
Q

Do neutrophils survive longer in blood or tissue?

A

In tissue.

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16
Q

What are the 3 primary granules of neutrophils?

A

Myeloperoxidase.

Defensins.

Meutral proteases.

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17
Q

What are the 4 secondary granules of neutrophils?

A

Lactoferrin.

Collagenase.

Plasminogen activator.

Histaminase.

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18
Q

Can the granules released by neutrophils damage the host?

A

Yes.

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19
Q

What are neutrophil extracellular traps?

A

Traps similar to a spiders web where they can trap and kill pathogens.

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20
Q

Why would you see immature and mature neutrophils at the site of infection?

A

Because the body overcompensates and releases band neutrophils.

This is a regenerative left shift.

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21
Q

What is degenerative left shift.?

A

When there are more band neutrophils than segmented neutrophils at an infection site.

This is a sign of serious infection.

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22
Q

A degenerative left shift is commonly seen in what animals?

A

Cattle.

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23
Q

Why do we commonly see degenerative left shifts in cattle?

A

As they cannot produce as many neutrophils as other species.

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24
Q

What is the sight of band neutrophils normal in?

A

Cattle.

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25
Q

What cells are generally seen in an acute infection?

A

Neutrophils.

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26
Q

Where are eosinophils produced?

A

In the bone marrow.

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27
Q

What are the 2 main functions of eosinophils?

A

Allergy response.

Parasite killing.

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28
Q

What is the main way that eosinophils eliminate pathogens?

A

De-granulation.

They do not phagocytose.

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29
Q

What is produced by the body to tell the bone marrow that there is a parasitic infection.

A

Histamine.

IL-5.

30
Q

Why does the body produce histmaine and IL-5 when there is a parasitic infections?

A

It tells the bone marrow to produce more eosinophils.

31
Q

What 2 ways do eosinophils navigate to a parasite?

A

They use a chemokine called eotaxin.

Plasma cells opsonise the parasite with IGE which attracts eosinophils.

32
Q

What is produced by the body to tell the bone marrow that there is an allergic reaction?

A

Histamine.

A small amount of IL-5.

33
Q

How do eosinophils navigate from the bone marrow to the site of an allergic reaction?

A

They use a chemokine called eotaxin.

Plasma cells tag any allergens with IGE.

34
Q

What is the major differende in eosinophil activation in allergies and parasitic infections?

A

In parasitic infections the body produces IL-5 and histamine.

In allergies there is more histamine produced than IL-5.

35
Q

When do idiopathic eosinophilic lesions occur?

A

When eosinophils get into tissues.

36
Q

What is the key finding in idiopathic eosinophilic lesions?

A

The presence of eosinophils without any parasite/allergen present.

37
Q

What are the 3 presentations of feline eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A

Eosinophilic plaques.

Eosinophilic granulomas.

Eosinophilic ulcers.

38
Q

What is cahracteristic about eosinophilic plaques associated with feline eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A

They are small skin ulcerations which produce a lot of puss.

39
Q

What is cahracteristic about eosinophilic granulomas associated with feline eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A

Elevated lesions that are often found on the thighs.

40
Q

What is cahracteristic about eosinophilic ulcers associated with feline eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A

Round ulcerations on the lips.

41
Q

Are oral eosinophilic granulomas found in dogs?

A

Yes.

They can also be found on the skin.

42
Q

What condition causes white nodules in the saddle area of a horse?

A

A collagenolytic granuloma.

It may be caused by a hypersensitivity reaction.

43
Q

Why are oral lesions of clinical concern?

A

These can prevent eating, drinking and breathing.

They can be a location for secondary bacterial infections.

44
Q

What is eosinophilic myositis in dogs?

A

Where the temporalis and masseter muscles contain type 2M myosin which is targeted by antibodies.

This causes these muscles to waste away.

45
Q

What animals are affected by eosinophilic myostitis of cardiac muscle?

A

Sheep and goats.

46
Q

What is eosinophilic myostitis characterised by in sheep or goats?

A

Eosinophilic infiltration of skeletal and cardiac muscle.

This can be incidental or a cause of sudden death.

47
Q

Are basophils and mast cells found in high concentrations compared to other red blood cells?

A

No.

48
Q

How do basophils and mast cells help with inflammation?

A

They help via cellular mediation.

49
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

In the mucosa and connective tissue.

50
Q

Where are basophils found?

A

In the blood.

51
Q

What is the function of basophils and mast cells?

A

They carry out antigen surveillance and release effector mediators such as histamine and heparin.

52
Q

Do basophils and mast cells respond to infections quickly or slowly?

A

Quickly.

53
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells?

A

They kill infected cells and tumour cells.

54
Q

Are B cells, T cells and natural killer cells involved in acute or chronic infections?

A

Chronic infections.

55
Q

What activates a helper T cell?

A

Antigen presentation.

56
Q

What happens once a helper T cell has been activated?

A

They produce cytotoxic T cells which use the antigens to recognise infected cells.

Once they find these cells they kill them.

57
Q

How do T cells kill infected cells?

A

By releasing cytotoxins that trigger apoptosis.

58
Q

Do neutrophils or T cells produce damage to host cells?

A

Neutrophils.

59
Q

Large amounts of lymphocytes in the blood tell you what 2 things about an infection?

A

That it is a chronic condition.

That it is an intracellular pathogen causing the infecxtion.

60
Q

What 3 things make NKCs unique?

A

They can recognize injured cells without MHC-1 processed antigens.

They secrete perforin and granzyme.

They can form antigen-specific
memory.

61
Q

What are the 3 roles of macrophages in inflammation?

A

Phagocytosis.

Antigen presentation.

Iron sequestration.

62
Q

What are multi-nucleated giant cells?

A

A collection of macrophages.

If something is difficult to phagocytose then macs clump together and phagocytose it.

63
Q

What is a Kupffer cell?

A

A macrophage in the liver.

64
Q

What is a Langerhans cell?

A

A macrophage in the epidermis.

65
Q

What is a microglial cell

A

A macrophage in the brain.

66
Q

What is a hofbauer cell?

A

A macrophage in the placenta.

67
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Macrophages in the bone.

68
Q

What is anaemia of chronic diseases?

A

When anaemia occurs as macrophages sequester all the iron.

This prevents the body from making new red blood cells.

69
Q

What can we tell about an infection if lots of macrophages are responding to the infection?

A

That the body is having a hard time getting rid of the infection.

70
Q

Whay are plasma cells always present when eosinophils are made?

A

As they produce the IGE that attracts eosinophils to the injury site.

Pathology. Inflammation. (7 decks)

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