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Pathology > Healing > Flashcards

Healing Flashcards

1
Q

Types of healing

A

Fibrosis

Regeneration

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2
Q

Steps in Fibrosis

A

Removal of debris
Formation of granulation tissue
Scarring

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3
Q

Stem cells types

A

Embryonic
Marrow stromal
Induced pluripotent

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4
Q

special microenvironments of Adult stem cells

A

Niches

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5
Q

Growth Factor effects

A

Cell proliferation
Differentiation
Cell migration
Angiogenesis and Fibrogenesis

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6
Q

GF sources

A 
Macrophages
platelets
T cells
fibroblasts
endothelial cells
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7
Q

GF receptors

A

Receptors with intrinsic kinase activity
G-protein-coupled receptors
Receptors without intrinsic kinase activity

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8
Q

GFs

A 
Transforming GF alpha & beta (TGF-β & TGF-α)  
Epidermal GF (EGF) 
Hepatocyte GF (HGF) 
Vascular Endothelial GF (VEGF) 
Platelet Derived GF (PDGF)
Cytokines
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9
Q

Main components of ECM

A

Fibers(collagens & glycoproteins)
Basement membranes & surrounding vessels, (non-fibrillar collagen & laminin)
Adhesive glycoproteins (integrins), proteoglycans & hyaluronic acid)

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10
Q

Granulation tissue

A

Fibroblast and myofibroblasts
New blood vessels
Inflammation cells

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11
Q

Functions of ECM

A

Mechanical support (collagen& elastin)
Substrate for cell growth & the formation of tissue micro environments
Regulates cell proliferation & differentiation

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12
Q

stimulate cells via cellular integrin receptors

A

Fibronectin & laminin

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13
Q

Proteoglycans

A

bind GFs & display them at high concentration

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14
Q

Sources of new blood vessels

A

Angioblasts from bone marrow

Pre existing blood vessels

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15
Q

Angiogenesis stimulated by

A

Vascular endothelial growth factors

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16
Q

TGF beta in angiogenesis

A

Stabilizes new bvs by enhancing production of ECM proteins

17
Q

PDGF and Angiopoietins

A

Recruit smooth muscles and peri endothelial cells respectively

18
Q

Fetal cutaneous wounds heal without scar

A

TGF β isoforms (non-fibrogenic)
lack of osteopontin
absence of a TH2 response

19
Q

1° intention Minutes

A

formation of blood Clot => scab

20
Q

1° intention 24 hrs

A

neutrophils, regenerating epithelial cells forms a thin layer & covers the wound beneath the scab

21
Q

1° intention 3 days

A

granulation tissue, thick epithelial layer

22
Q

1° intention 5-7days

A

granulation tissue fills incisional space & abundant collagen bridging the incision, keratin

23
Q

1° intention 2wks

A

fibroblast proliferation & collagen deposition

24
Q

1° intention 4+ wks

A

capillaries involution, leaving a pale (white) avascular scar

25
Q

Rate of wound contraction depends on

A

The degree of tissue laxity

Shape of wound

26
Q

Bone fracture types

A

Simple

Compound

27
Q

Bone fracture healing

A

Direct

Indirect

28
Q

Direct fracture healing

A

Fracture is stable

In corticoid and cancellous bone

29
Q

Indirect fracture healing steps

A

Hematoma and mild acute inflammation
Osteoclast and macrophage action
Osteogenic granulation tissue
External & internal callus are reabsorbed
Woven bone remodeled & change to lamellar bone

30
Q

Abnormal bone healing

A

Delayed union
Non-union (pseudoarthrosis)
Malunion
Refracturing

31
Q

Scar formation in CNS

A

By Astrocytes known as gliosis

Characterized by severe neural loss

32
Q

Abnormal tissue healing

A
  1. Deficient scar formation
  2. Excessive formation of the repair components
  3. Contractures (excessive contraction)
  4. Atrophic /hypotrophic scar (sunken)
  5. Implantation cyst
  6. Pigment changes: depigmented (vitiligo) /hyperpigmented
33
Q

Deficient scar formation

A

Ulcers

Wound dehiscence or rupture

34
Q

Ulceration

A

Inadequate vascularization

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy

35
Q

Rupture

A

Error in suture placement
Abdominal pressure
Deep wound infection

36
Q

Excessive formation of repair components causes

A

Hypertrophic scars within the limit of original wound and regresses spontaneously
Keloids outside the limit of the original wound doesn’t resolve spontaneously

37
Q

Local factors affecting healing

A 
Necrosis 
Foreign bodies
Infections
Pressure 
Radiation 
Location
Edema
Drying
38
Q

Systemic factors affecting tissue healing

A 
Nutrition
Age
Steroid, immunosuppressants
Body type: obesity
Smoking
Vascular insufficiency
Smoking

Pathology (8 decks)

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