Edema Flashcards
Two types of mechanism control movement of capillary fluid
Out ward force • hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure in tissue space
In ward force • Colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary
Hydrostatic pressure reflects
Arterial pressure
Venous pressure
Hydrostatic effect of gravity
Anasarca
severe & generalized edema with widespread subcutaneous tissue swelling
Edema in peritoneal cavity
Ascites
Pathophysiologic causes of edema
Inflammatory
Non inflammatory
Inflammation edema
Caused by increase in permeability
Non inflammation edema
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased osmotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Sodium retention
Increased Hydrostatic Pressure Causes
impaired venous return. E.g. DVT
- Generalized increases in venous pressure. E.g. CHF
- subcutaneous edema
Reduced oncotic pressure cause
Low albumin
*loose CT
Low albumin due to
Liver disease
Kidney disease
Malnutrition
GI malabsorption
Lymphatic obstruction cause
Inflammation with fibrosis invasive malignant tumors post surgical radiation damage infectious agents like heavy metals
Cerebral edema cause
Trauma infarction hypoxia abscess neoplasms
Characteristics of cerebral edema
widened gyri with a flattened surface
sulci are narrowed
Hyperemia
Active, arteriolar dilation leads to increased blood flow
Congestion
Passive, from reduced outflow of blood from a tissue
Abnormal internal or external loss of blood
Hemorrhage
Petechiae
1- to 2-mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces
Increased intravascular pressure,
low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia),
defective platelet function (as in uremia)
Purpura
≥3 mm hemorrhages same disorders that cause petechiae trauma vasculitis increased vascular fragility (e.g., in amyloidosis)
Ecchymoses
1 to 2 cm subcutaneous hematomas
Hgb (red-blue color)
bilirubin (blue-green color)
hemosiderin (gold-brown color)
Clinical significance of hemorrhage
Volume
Site
Rate of bleeding
Podonconiosis
caused by prolonged exposure
causes bilateral asymmetrical swelling of the lower legs
