Head & Neck

Question 1

How many pairs of pharyngeal arches exist in the pharyngeal apparatus?

Answer 1

5

Question 2

Which pharnyngeal arch regresses before completing development?

Answer 2

the 5th pharyngeal arch

Question 3

How many clefts exist within the pharyngeal apparatus?

Answer 3

3

Question 4

How many pouches exist within the pharyngeal apparatus?

Answer 4

4 or 5

Question 5

What two structures compose the membrane (closing plates) of the pharyngeal apparatus?

Answer 5

clefts and pouches

Question 6

Arch 1 contains which muscular components?

Answer 6

muscles of mastication

Question 7

Arch 2 contains which muscular components?

Answer 7

muscles of facial expression

Question 8

Arch 3 contains which muscular components?

Answer 8

Stylopharyngeus

Question 9

Arch 4 contains which muscular components?

Answer 9

Pharyngeal constrictors and palatal muscles

Question 10

Arch 6 contains which muscular componets?

Answer 10

all laryngeal muscles except for the cricothyroid

Question 11

Which vessels does aortic arch 1 develop into?

Answer 11

The maxillary and external carotid arteries

Question 12

Which vessels does aortic arch 2 develop into?

Answer 12

The stapedial and hyoid arteries

Question 13

Which vessels does aortic arch 3 develop into?

Answer 13

The common and internal carotid arteries

Question 14

Which structures arise from aortic arch 4?

Answer 14

The adult aortic arch and the subclavian artery

Question 15

Which structures are formed from aortic arch 6?

Answer 15

The pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

Question 16

Meckel’s cartilage refers to cartilaginous components of which arch?

Answer 16

arch 1

Question 17

What are the cartilaginous components of arch 1?

Answer 17

maxilla, mandible, temporal bone, as well as the malleus and the incus

Question 18

Reichert’s cartilage refers to the cartilaginous components of which arch?

Answer 18

arch 2

Question 19

What are the cartilaginous components of arch 2?

Answer 19

styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and body of hyoid bone, as well as stapes

Question 20

What are the cartilaginous components of arch 3?

Answer 20

greater horn and body of hyoid bone

Question 21

What are the cartilaginous components of arch 4?

Answer 21

thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Question 22

What are the cartilaginous components of arch 6?

Answer 22

arytenoid cartilages

Question 23

Which arch(es) does the trigeminal nerve innervate?

Answer 23

arch 1 (mastication)

Question 24

Which arch(es) does the facial nerve innervate?

Answer 24

arch 2 (facial expression)

Question 25

Which arch(es) does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

Answer 25

arch 3 (stylopharyngeus)

Question 26

Which arch(es) does the vagus nerve innervate?

Answer 26

arches 4 (pharynx) and 6 (larynx)

Question 27

In the event of deactivation/loss of Hox genes, how are pharyngeal arches impacted?

Answer 27

Neural crest cells fail to migrate, and all arches develop as pharyngeal arch 1

Question 28

Which arch forms the anterior 2/3 of the tongue epithelium?

Answer 28

arch 1

Question 29

Which arch forms the remaining 1/3 of tongue epithelium?

Answer 29

arch 3

Question 30

Which arch forms the midline swelling of the tongue (copula), but is covered by arch 3 derivatives as it grows?

Answer 30

arch 2

Question 31

Which arch forms the small portion of tongue at the back of the throat?

Answer 31

arch 4

Question 32

What gives rise to the muscles of the tongue?

Answer 32

occpital somites that migrate to the level of the tongue

Question 33

which pharyngeal cleft is the only cleft not obliterated in normal in development?

Answer 33

cleft 1

Question 34

what does pharyngeal cleft 1 give rise to?

Answer 34

external auditory meatus and part of tympanic membrane

Question 35

Which pharyngeal pouch gives rise to the lining of the crypts in palatine tonsils?

Answer 35

pharyngeal pouch 2

Question 36

Which pharyngeal pouch gives rise to the tympanic membrane and cavity (distal) as well as the eustachian tube (proximal)?

Answer 36

pharyngeal pouch 1

Question 37

What does the fourth pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

Answer 37

dorsal wing- superior parathyroid glands ventral wing- ultimobranchial body (contains C cells of thyroid)

Question 38

What does the third pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

Answer 38

dorsal wing- inferior parathyroid glands ventral wing- thymus

Question 39

What is craniosynostosis?

Answer 39

the premature fusion of skull sutures

Question 40

What are signs/symptoms of Apert syndrome?

Answer 40

craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia, hypertelorism, syndactyly of hands and feet, and hearing loss

Question 41

Apert syndrome typically involves a mutation in what gene?

Answer 41

FGFR2

Question 42

What is the difference between a syndrome and a sequence?

Answer 42

a syndrome denotes a combination of various abnormalities, while a sequence indicates a linear chain of abnormalities usually with a causal relationship (A -> B -> C -> D)

Question 43

What are the signs/symptoms of a thyroglossal duct cyst?

Answer 43

usually asymptomatic; but if infected may present with swelling and pus

Question 44

When do the maxillary processes fuse during palate formation?

Answer 44

They do not fuse

Question 45

Which branch of the vagus nerve innervates arch 4?

Answer 45

the superior laryngeal nerve and pharyngeal branch of vagus

Question 46

Which branch of the vagus nerve innervates arch 6?

Answer 46

the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 47

A cleft palate resulting from a failure to fuse involving the primary plate (intermaxillary segment) is found in what area of the palate?

Answer 47

anterior

Question 48

A cleft palate resulting from a failure to fuse involving the secondary plate (palatal shelves) is found in what area of the palate?

Answer 48

posterior

Question 49

What separates the oral cavity from the developing nasal sac?

Answer 49

the oronasal membrane?

Question 50

After the oronasal membrane ruptures, what develops to separate the oral and nasal cavities?

Answer 50

the secondary palate

Question 51

Which palate develops from the median nasal process?

Answer 51

the primary palate

Question 52

Where would a branchial cleft cyst be most likely to be found?

Answer 52

along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

Question 53

Where would a thyroglossal duct cyst be most likely to be found?

Answer 53

between the thyroid and the tongue along the trachea

Question 54

What malformation most likely results in a cleft lip through the midline of the upper lip (philtrum)?

Answer 54

failure of two medial nasal prominences to fuse