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Quiz 6 > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major type of collagen that composes cartilage?

A

Type II collagen

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2
Q

What is an isogenous aggregate?

A

A group of 4-7 chondrocytes, separated by septa

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3
Q

What is the most abundant collagen in CT proper?

A

Type I collagen

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4
Q

What constitutes appositional growth of collagen?

A

chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into chondrocytes, and add to existing cartilage

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5
Q

What constitutes interstitial growth of collagen?

A

Proliferation and hypertrophy of existing chondrocytes

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6
Q

Inflammatory factors and MMPs play what role in the cartilagenous matrix?

A

Matrix remodeling

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7
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

A sheath of dense irregular CT that is vascular and contains chondroblasts

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8
Q

Where in the body would you find hyaline cartilage?

A

respiratory passages (larynx, trachea), articular surfaces of bones, and transiently as a skeletal model and at epiphyseal growth plates

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9
Q

What distinguishes hyaline cartilage from other types?

A

Its glossy appearance due to the high level (75-80%) of ECM that is water weight

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10
Q

Where in the body would you find elastic cartilage?

A

The auricle of the ear, eustachian tubes, epiglottis and larynx

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11
Q

What distinguishes elastic cartilage from other types?

A

The high level of chondrocytes, as well as the dark-staining elastic fibers found in the matrix

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12
Q

Where in the body would you find fibrocartilage?

A

The intervertebral discs, meniscus of some joints, pubic symphysis, as well as areas of cartilage that have sustained recurrent damage and repair

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13
Q

What distinguishes fibrocartilage from other types?

A

The presence of Type I collagen fibers, as well as the lack of perichondrium

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14
Q

What is perichondritis?

A

inflammation of perichondrium; often resulting in pus buildup between chondrocytes and perichondrium which can destroy cartilage

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15
Q

What is familial osteochondritis dissecans?

A

A proteoglycan loss of function mutation causing disorganized and weak cartilage

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16
Q

What do Haversian canals contain?

A

nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics

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17
Q

What are osteons?

A

lamellae of bone surrounding Haversian canals

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18
Q

What structure joins adjacent Haversian canals?

A

Volkmann’s canals

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19
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in bone remodeling?

A

Osteoclasts degrade old osteons, and osteoblasts generate new osteons

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20
Q

What is the overriding factor in regulation of bone mass?

A

calcium mobilization

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21
Q

What is the pathology of osteoporosis?

A

Osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblast activity

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22
Q

What clinical situations are associated with osteoporosis?

A

Aging, decreased estrogen in PM women, inactivity, and inability to absorb Ca2+

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23
Q

What is Osteopetrosis?

A

Decreased bone resorption due to defective osteoclasts

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24
Q

What are the clinical results of osteopetrosis?

A

Reduced marrow cavity, decreased blood formation, leading to anemia and infection

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25
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The replacement of a cartilage model with bone

26
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

The replacement of loose CT with bone

27
Q

What types of bones develop primarily through intramembranous ossification?

A

flat bones, the skull, and the mandible

28
Q

What type of ossification is responsible for the initiation of bone growth at the diaphysis of the bone collar?

A

intramembranous ossification

29
Q

What type of ossification is responsible for a growth in diameter of long bones?

A

intramembranous ossification

30
Q

What is the effect of calcitonin on osteoclasts?

A

Decrease activity

31
Q

What organ secretes calcitonin?

A

Thyroid

32
Q

Howship’s lacunae are formed by what type of cell?

A

Osteoclast

33
Q

What type of cell resides IN lacunae, BETWEEN lamellae in bone?

A

osteocytes

34
Q

What is the main organic component of bone?

A

Type I collagen

35
Q

What is the main inorganic component of bone?

A

hydroxyapatite (Ca2+ and PO4-)

36
Q

What is the composition and function of primary (woven) bone?

A

random collagen fiber orientation; temporary bone to be replaced

37
Q

What is the composition and function of secondary (lamellar) bone?

A

parallel collagen fibers arranged in layers; to serve as permanent bone (but is continuously remodeled)

38
Q

What is the overriding factor for bone formation/resorption?

A

calcium mobilization

39
Q

What type of bone occupies that outer walls of bone structures?

A

compact (corticol) bone

40
Q

What type of bone occupies the interior of bone structures?

A

spongy (trabecullar/ cancellous) bone

41
Q

What is a Haversian system?

A

an osteon

42
Q

What differentiates compact bone from spongy bone?

A

Compact bone has osteons, and therefore requires an internal blood supply; spongy bone is usally thin enough to be nourished from the outside (there are exceptions)

43
Q

What is the function of periosteum?

A

To cover the outer surfaces of bone, and provide nutrition and osteoprogenitor cells

44
Q

How is the periosteum connected to the bone? What type of fibers compose these structures?

A

Through Sharpey’s fibers; Type I collagen

45
Q

What effect does high serum calcium have on PTH secretion?

A

Negative feedback; it reduces PTH secretion

46
Q

What substance would you predict to see increased in the bone of a patient with rickets?

A

Osteoid

47
Q

Osteoporosis can largely be prevented by attaining a high peak bone mass by what age?

A

30

48
Q

What effect does PTH have on renal PO4 absorption?

A

Decreased rate of renal PO4 reabsorption

49
Q

A mutation that affects the ability of osteocytes to acidiby the resorption lacuna results in what?

A

Osteopetrosis

50
Q

What is the effect of PTH on vitamin D activation?

A

PTH stimulates vitamin D activation

51
Q

What type(s) of tissue replace the hematoma formed in response to a bone fracture?

A

Hyaline cartilage and loose CT

52
Q

What is the effect of somatotropin on the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

It upregulates IGF-1, which causes an increase in the mitotic divisions of chondrocytes; it also induces maturation of chondrocytes

53
Q

In what disease of the bone would you most commonly see a decrease in the mineral to osteoid ratio?

A

Osteomalacia (Rickets)

54
Q

What disease of the bone is most commonly associated with defective osteoclasts?

A

Osteopetrosis

55
Q

While fibrocartilage cannot undergo appositional growth, it instead undergoes what growth process?

A

Interstitial growth

56
Q

What structure is formed as the initial step in healing a bone after a fracture?

A

A hematoma

57
Q

The anterior divisions of the brachial plexus are responsible for innervating what kind of muscles?

A

Flexors

58
Q

The posterior divisions of the brachial plexus are responsible for innervating what kind of arm muscles?

A

Extensors

59
Q

Which bone composes the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

The scaphoid bone

60
Q

Which anatomical structures are contained within the anatomical snuffbox?

A

The scaphoid bone, the radial artery, and the superficial radial nerve

61
Q

PTH has what effect on alkaline phosphatase activity?

A

Decrease in activity

62
Q

What is Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)?

A

Sudden vertigo due to rapid head motion

Quiz 6 (11 decks)

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