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quiz 6 > Brain Embryology > Flashcards

Brain Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The neural plate is induced due to signals from what structure?

A

the notochord

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2
Q

What section of neural tube will develop into the brain?

A

cranial to 4th somite

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3
Q

What are the names of the primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon

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4
Q

As the neural tube folds ventrally into a C shape, what are the names and locations of the ventral flexures that develop?

A

cephalic flexure- between the forebrain and midbrain
cervical flexure- between hindbrain and spinal cord

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5
Q

During week 5, the prosencephalon develops into which subdivisions?

A

the telencephalon and diencephalon

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6
Q

During week 5, the rhombencephalon develops into which subdivisions?

A

the metencephalon and myelencephalon

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7
Q

Unequal growth between flexures results in a dorsal flexure. What is its name and location?

A

the Pontine flexure; between the mesencephalon and metencephalon (developing pons)

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8
Q

What is the adult derivative of the telencephalon?

A

the cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

What is the adult derivative of the diencephalon?

A

the optic cup/nerves, thalamus, and hypothalamus

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10
Q

What is the adult derivative of the mesencephalon?

A

the midbrain

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11
Q

What is the adult derivative of the metencephalon?

A

the cerebellum and pons

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12
Q

what is the adult derivative of the myelencephalon?

A

the medulla oblongata

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13
Q

From which part of the fetal devleoping brain do the lateral ventricles develop?

A

telencephalon (prosencephalon)

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14
Q

From which part of the fetal devleoping brain does the majority of the 3rd ventricle develop?

A

diencephalon (prosencephalon)

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15
Q

What brain cavity develops from the mesencephalon?

A

the aqueduct

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16
Q

The metencephalon and myelencephalon are responsible for the development of which brain cavity?

A

the 4th ventricle

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17
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

To line the cerebral ventricles and help secrete CSF

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18
Q

ependymal cells would be expected to have a high level of which type of junction?

A

tight junctions (adherens may also be highly present)

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19
Q

What two enzymes are especially necessary for CSF production?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase and Carbonic anhydrase

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20
Q

In the development of the Choroid Plexus, which structure is responsible for first invaginating into the ventricle roof?

A

developing arteries

21
Q

As the primitive choroid plexus enlarges, what main histological development occurs?

A

the apperance of villi with brush border of microvilli, which can secrete CSF

22
Q

After CSF is produced, it traverses what in order to enter the subarachnoid space?

A

the median and lateral aperatures

23
Q

CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses through what mechanism?

A

absorption through the arachnoid villi (granulations)

24
Q

What characterizes the condition of Hydrocephalus?

A

an imbalance between production and absorption of CSF, resulting in too much CSF

25
Q

Which layer of the neural tube contributes to choroid plexus and produces CSF?

A

the ependymal layer

26
Q

Which layer of the neural tube involves cell proliferation?

A

the ventricular zone

27
Q

Cells from the mantle layer of the neural tube have what purpose?

A

to migrate and form GRAY matter of CNS

28
Q

Cells from the marginal layer of the neural tube have what purpose?

A

axons of mantle layer cells form WHITE matter of CNS

29
Q

The mantle zones are dervied from what structure of the neural plate?

A

the alar (dorsal) and basal (ventral) plates

30
Q

the caudal myelencephalon (medulla) will housewhich cranial nerve nuceli?

A

CN III-XI

31
Q

the medulla oblongata has what 3 major functions?

A

regulation of respiration, heartbeat, and reflexes

32
Q

the alar plate in the caudal myelencephalon migrates and forms what type of neurons in 3 columns?

A

sensory afferent neurons

33
Q

the basal plate in the caudal myelencephalon forms what type of neurons in 3 columns?

A

motor neurons

34
Q

Cerebellar malformations often result in what clinical finding?

A

ataxia (lack of muscle coordination/control)

35
Q

What is a Chiari malformation?

A

A structural defect with a projection of cerebral tissue through the formane magnum

36
Q

As the mesencephalon develops, alar plate cells migrate ventrally to form what significant structure?

A

the substantia nigra

37
Q

the choroid pleus develops in what generalo region of the neural tube?

A

the roof plate

38
Q

Rostral to the pontine flexure, the rhombic lip expands over to neural canal to give rise to what?

A

the cerebellum

39
Q

The walls of the diencephalon are formed by cells from exclusively which plate?

A

the alar plate

40
Q

What is Lissencephaly?

A

A lack of normal cortical layers, due to incomplete migration of cortical neurons

41
Q

What differences in brain matter caused by lissencephaly are visible in CT scan?

A

the brain would appear smooth

42
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

a reduced brain size, due to fewer than normal neurons produced

43
Q

Infection with zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy increases risk for what neurological condition for the fetus?

A

microcephaly, due to insufficient neurons to populate the cortical plate

44
Q

In what ventricle are the lateral foramina of Luschka and the medial foramen of Magendie located?

A

the fourth ventricle

45
Q

Which section of the adult brain is know as the cardiorespiratory regulation center?

A

the medulla oblongata

46
Q

In which secondary brain vesicle does the third ventricle develop?

A

the diencephalon

47
Q

What are clinical findings associated with lissencephaly?

A

severe psychomotor retardation, unusual facial appearance, muscle spasms, failure to thrive

48
Q

What are clinical findings associated with chiari malformation?

A

occipital headache, neck pain, and cerebellar symptoms (i.e. ataxia); these can appear in adolescence/early adulthood

49
Q

What are clinical findings associated with hydrocephalus?

A

typical findings of increased ICP (headache, nausea, vomiting, abnormal gait, impaired consciousness)

quiz 6 (11 decks)

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