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Head and Neck > Head and Neck Primordia > Flashcards

Head and Neck Primordia Flashcards

1
Q

What structure does the olfactory placode give rise to?

A

olfactory epithelium

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2
Q

What structures does ectoderm give rise to?

A

Special sensory placodes

Surface ectoderm

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3
Q

Optic nerve primordia

A

Optic cup

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4
Q

Optic Cup

A

Two layered cup of ectoderm

Extension of developing brain

special sensory neurons for vision

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5
Q

Occulomotor Nerve Primordia

A

Preotic Somitomeres

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6
Q

What structures does surface ectoderm form?

A

Epidermis of skin of head and neck

Mucous membranes of oral and nasal cavities

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7
Q

What is stomodeum and what structures does it form?

A

Invagination of ectoderm at site of oral membrane

Oral and nasal cavities

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8
Q

Sensory placodes are thickenings of _______?

A

epithelium

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9
Q

The optic cup is an ectodermal extension of the ______.

A

neural tube (developing brain)

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10
Q

What three structures does mesoderm give rise to?

A

Head somites

Head mesenchyme

Pharyngeal (branchial arches)

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11
Q

Head somites develop exclusively into _____?

A

striated muscle

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12
Q

Preotic somites develop into _______.

A

extraoccular eye muscles

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13
Q

Which cranial nerves supply preotic somites?

A

Occulomotor (III)

Trochlear (IV)

Abducens (VI)

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14
Q

_______ become the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

A

Postotic somites

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15
Q

What nerve supplies postotic somites?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

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16
Q

What are pharyngeal (branchial) arches

A

Bars of mesoderm that flank the primitive oral cavity and pharynx

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17
Q

Pharyngeal branchial arches flank _________ and _________

A

oral cavity, pharynx

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18
Q

What is head mesenchyme?

A

loose, mesodermal, connective tissue surrounding the brain

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19
Q

Head mesenchyme is derived from __________/

A

ectodermal neural crest

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20
Q

________ provides general sensory fibers to head mesenchyme structures.

A

Trigeminal nerve

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21
Q

What structures does head mesenchyme give rise to?

A

Non-retinal parts of eyeball

Dermis of facial skin

Bones of neurocranium

Meninges

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22
Q

Skin of the back of the head and neck receives sensory innervation and sympathetics from ____________.

A

Cervical spinal nerves

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23
Q

The front of the neck is innervated by _______.

A

cranial nerves

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24
Q

The opthalmic nerve provides general sensory neurons to _______, ________, and _______.

A

forehead, external nose, orbit

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25
Q

The maxillary nerve supplies the ____, _____, _______.

A

cheeks, nasal cavity, upper jaw

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26
Q

What structures do pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

Muscles, bones and other tissues of the head and neck

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27
Q

The ___________ forms skin of the jaws, mucous membranes of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and middle ear.

A

linings of pharyngeal arches

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28
Q

What are branchiomotor nerves?

A

motor fibers that supply muscles derived from pharyngeal (branchial) arches

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29
Q

The _________ innervates Arch 1.

A

Trigeminal nerve

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30
Q

The ________ innervates Arch 2.

A

Facial nerve

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31
Q

The _________ innervates arch 3.

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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32
Q

The __________ innervates arch 4/6

A

Vagus nerve

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33
Q

The head somites are (similar/different) in comparison to spinal somites.

A

similar just less developed

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34
Q

What are pretramatic nerves?

A

sensory branches of branchial arches that are out of their arch territory.

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35
Q

Pretramtic nerves provide what type of innervation? (sensory, motor, or mixed)

A

Sensory

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36
Q

Pretrematic nerves provide innervation to the area ________ to its arch.

A

cranial

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37
Q

Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, Chorda Tympani, and tympanic branch are __________

A

pretrematic nerves

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38
Q

The tympanic branch stems from which cranial nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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39
Q

The tympanic branch travels from ______ to ______ to provide _______ neurons

A

arch 3, middle ear, visceral sensory

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40
Q

Chorda Tympani travels from ______ to ______ to provide ______.

A

arch 2, stomodeum/oral cavity, taste to anterior 2/3 or tongue

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41
Q

Ophthalmic nerve travels from _____ to _____ to provide ______ to orbit and upper face.

A

arch 1, areas around optic cup, general sensory neurons

42
Q

The endoderm receives ( visceral or general) sensory innervation?

A

visceral

43
Q

What type of sensory innervation do oral and nasal cavities receive and why?

A

general sensory innervation because arch 1 has ectoderm on its outside and inside from the lining of the stomodeum

44
Q

What structures does the foregut give rise to?

A

pharynx, larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland

45
Q

______ are endodermal extensions of the pharynx between branchial arches..

A

Pharyngeal pouches

46
Q

Whats structures do pharyngeal pouches give rise to

A

palatine tonsils

middle ear

thymus

parathyroid glands

47
Q

Endoderm ______ the foregut.

A

lines

48
Q

What is the beginning of the foregut?

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

49
Q

The posterior 1/3 of our tongue is the _________ of the oral pharynx.

A

anterior wall

50
Q

Which pharyngeal arches flank the foregut?

A

Arches 2-6

51
Q

The ________ and _________ flank the stomodeum

A

fronto-nasal process

maxillary and mandibular parts of arch 1

52
Q

What is the fronto-nasal process composed of?

A

surface ectoderm of forebrain

53
Q

What structures does the frontonasal process form?

A

forehead, nose, part of the upper lip

54
Q

On day _____ the olfactory placode beings invaginating and the lens of the eye begins sinking underneath.

A

31

55
Q

First branchial groove of ectoderm lines the _________.

A

external auditory meatus down to the ear drum and ear cartilages

56
Q

At _______ embryo starting to have more of a human face

A

10-14 weeks

57
Q

Which nerves are associated with the branchial arches?

A

V, VII, IX, X

58
Q

Which cranial nerves only provide somatomotor innervation?

A

Occulomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI), Hypoglossal (IX), Acessory (XI)

59
Q

Which cranial nerves only provide special sensory innervation?

A

Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

60
Q

Which cranial nerves provide mixed (both motor and sensory) innervation

A

Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)

61
Q

Head somites consist of _______ and ________.

A

preotic somites, postotic somites

62
Q

Somatic mesoderm gives rise to ________ and is innervated by ________.

A

neck muscles, accessory nerve

63
Q

The optic cup is part of the ________.

A

neural tube

64
Q

What are the derivatives of the ectoderm?

A

Neural tube

Surface covering of head and neck (including stomodeum and branchial grooves)

Sensory innervation of head

Placodes (olfactory, lens, otic)

65
Q

What structures does the optic cup give rise to?

A

retina

optic nerve (II)

66
Q

What structures does the otic placode give rise to?

A

Inner ear (cochlea/semicircular canals)

67
Q

How does the eye develop?

A

lens placode (thickened ectoderm) sinks under the surface as a lens pit

It becomes a lens vesicle (hollow ball) that will pinch off

lens vesicle is surrounded by optic cup

head mesenchyme from neural crest cells condenses around optic cup to form the connective tissue elements of the eye

68
Q

The ______ is the thin layer of skin covering our ear canal.

A

external acoustic meatus

69
Q

How does the ear develop?

A

Otic placode sinks under surface and forms otocyst

Otocyst pinches off from surface ectoderm and shapes itself into the cochlea and semicircular canals

Arch 1 and Arch 2 cartilages form the middle ear bones

First pharyngeal pouch forms middle ear

First branchial groove (on outside) forms external auditory meatus

70
Q

Does the otic placode become our external ear?

A

NO it sinks under, similar to the lens placode

71
Q

The first pharyngeal pouch forms the ________.

A

middle ear cavity

72
Q

Pharyngeal arches originate from ______ and _______

A

somites, head mesenchyme

73
Q

What structures does a pharyngeal arch contain

A

Cranial nerve

artery

mesenchyme

piece of cartilage

74
Q

There is a _________ between pharyngeal groove and pharyngeal pouch.

A

Pharyngeal membrane

75
Q

What clinical complication can occur due to a break down of pharyngeal membrane during embryonic development?

A

pharyngeal fistula connecting air on outside to lumen of the pharynx

76
Q

Arch 1 forms _____ and _____

A

malleus, incus

77
Q

Arch 2 forms _______, _______, _______, _______.

A

stapes, styloid process (of temporal bone), lesser Cornu of hyoid bone

78
Q

Arch 3 forms _______ and _______.

A

greater Cornu of hyoid, body of hyoid

79
Q

Arches 4/6 form ______ and ______.

A

thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

80
Q

The ______ is the adam’s apple.

A

plate of thyroid cartilage

81
Q

Cartilages from arch 4/6 stay as ________ cartilage in their adult derivatives.

A

hyaline

82
Q

How far do the branchial cartilages go?

A

larynx

83
Q

Muscles of mastication derive from ______.

A

Arch 1

84
Q

Muscles of facial expression derive from _______.

A

Arch 2

85
Q

Through what method of ossification does the mandible develop?

A

intramembranous ossification

86
Q

How does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

head mesenchyme cells begin differentiating into osteoblasts to deposit bone matrix

NO cartilaginous precursor

87
Q

The former site of 1st arch cartilage serves as a _________ for condensation head mesenchyme around it to form membrane bone of mandible.

A

organizing center

88
Q

What is special about arch 2 mesoderm?

A

It migrates out of its territory to form face muscles

89
Q

Muscles of the larynx and pharynx develop from ______.

A

Arch 4/6

90
Q

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles are the first layer of muscle of the ________.

A

GI tract

91
Q

________ is the ONLY origin for all sympathetic neurons.

A

Thoracolumbar outflow (T1-L2)

92
Q

How do sympathetic fibers get to the head?

A

Exit spinal cord and ascend upward to the sympathetic trunk, synapse onto one of three cervical ganglia, travel to the head

93
Q

Cranial nerves do not have _________ outflow at its origin in the brain.

A

sympathetic

94
Q

How do post sympathetic synaptics of the inferior cervical ganglion get to the head?

A

Hop onto the vertebral artery

95
Q

Post sympathetic synaptics of the middle cervical ganglion hop on the ________ to get to the head.

A

external carotid artery

96
Q

Post sympathetics of superior cervical ganglion hop on the ______ to get to the head.

A

internal carotid artery

97
Q

Smooth muscle of arterial walls is a target of ________.

A

sympathetics

makes sense the postsynaptic sympathetics hop onto the arteries

98
Q

How do parasympathetics get to the head?

A

Parasympathetic presynaptics leave the brain with cranial nerves

99
Q

Which 4 cranial nerves provide parasympathetic innervation?

A

Oculomotor (III)

Facial (VII)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Vagus (X)

100
Q

Parasympathetic presynaptics synapse in _______ and join the branches of the _______ nerve to their targets.

A

ganglion, trigeminal

101
Q

Path of parasympathetics to the eyeball

A

Presynaptic parasympathetics leave the brain with the oculomotor nerve

They synapse onto the ciliary ganglion

Postsynaptics travel with short ciliary nerves to their target

102
Q

The oculomotor nerve past the ciliary ganglion is only ______.

A

somatomotor

Head and Neck (9 decks)

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