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Head and Neck > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Lens is _______ tissue

A

cellular

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2
Q

The lens is (avascular/vascular)

A

vascular

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3
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

Contacts and changes the shape of the lens to allow for up close vision

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4
Q

Sclera is continuous with _______.

A

meninges

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5
Q

Retina is continuous with _______.

A

optic nerve

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6
Q

The optic nerve has how many layers?

A

two

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7
Q

What developing structures do hyaloid vessels supply?

A

retina and lens

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8
Q

Hylaloid vessels get to the retina and lens via the ________.

A

ventral cleft

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9
Q

What is a Coloboma?

A

Retention of the ventral cleft (ventral cleft left behind)

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10
Q

Coloboma gives the appearance of a _______.

A

keyhole pupil

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11
Q

What structure can coloboma involve?

A

iris or whole sclera

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12
Q

Both layers of the optic cup form the _______.

A

retina

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13
Q

inside layer of the optic cup is the _______ retina.

A

visual

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14
Q

outside layer of the optic cup is the ________ retina.

A

pigmented

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15
Q

What is the function of the pigmented retina?

A

Absorb light to make vision more acute

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16
Q

______ forms conjunctival sacs (insides of eyelids).

A

surface ectoderm

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17
Q

Eyelids _____ with each other during development and _____ closer to birth.

A

fuse, open

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18
Q

Right before and after birth lens receives nourishment via ______.

A

diffusion from vitreous and aqueous humor

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19
Q

The part of the hyaline artery in the eyeball ________ right before birth.

A

disappears

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20
Q

The ______ becomes the central artery of the retina.

A

hyaline artery

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21
Q

Where is the central artery of the retina located?

A

In the middle of the optic nerve

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22
Q

How is the optic nerve different from the other cranial nerves?

A

it is a brain fiber tract surrounded by meninges and CSF

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23
Q

The _______ surrounds the optic nerve.

A

meninges

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24
Q

How does an increase in intracranial pressure affect there eye?

A

Increase in intracranial pressure due to increase in CSF puts pressure on the optic nerve, central artery and vein of retina.

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25
Q

What is the embryologic basis of a detached retina?

A

The two layers of the optic cup never tightly fuse.

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26
Q

The _________ of the eye pushes the visual retina against the pigmented retina.

A

vitreous humor

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27
Q

What can cause the pigmented retina to separate from the visual retina? What happens to the visual field because of this?

A

a blow to the head, its like a black curtain is covering part of that person’s visual field

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28
Q

The cornea is what type of tissue?

A

dense connective

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29
Q

Cornea is continuous with ______ and ______

A

sclera, dura mater

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30
Q

Choroid is continuous with _____ and ______

A

arachnoid, pia mater

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31
Q

sclera is covered with _______

A

conjuctiva

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32
Q

What will happen if you lose the central artery of the retina?

A

blindness

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33
Q

_______ fibers make up the cornea.

A

Collagen

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34
Q

What gives the vitreous humor and aqueous humor a gelatinous consistency?

A

hylauronic acid

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35
Q

The aqueous humor provides nutrition for the _______ and _______.

A

cornea, lens

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36
Q

What allows light to pass through the cornea?

A

the alignment of its collagen fibers

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37
Q

Aqueous humor is produced by the _________.

A

ciliary body

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38
Q

Aqueous humor gets back in the bloodstream via the __________.

A

canal of schlemm

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39
Q

Glaucoma is _________ pressure in the __________.

A

increased, aqueous humor

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40
Q

What is the effect of increased pressure in the aqueous humor?

A

glaucoma

impacts the vitreous humor which affects the retina leading to possible blindness

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41
Q

What is the mechanism of narrow angle glaucoma?

A

fibrosis or adhesion between the peripheral part of the iris and the cornea

inhibits reabsorption of aqueous humor into coal of schlemm

42
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

The area where the optic nerve becomes the retina.

43
Q

A blind spot is formed by the ______.

44
Q

The ____________ is the area of most acute vision.

A

macula lutea

45
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Thin, dense layer of retina with all cones

46
Q

The _______ is located in the macula lutea

A

fovea centralis.

47
Q

Macular pigment blocks all _______ light

48
Q

When the _________ muscle contracts, the pupil gets smaller.

A

pupil sphincter

49
Q

If oculomotor nerve is lost will have a _______ pupil.

50
Q

pupil spinchter muscles completely surround the _______

51
Q

ciliary muscles completely surround the ______

52
Q

pupil dilator muscles completely surround the ________

53
Q

Mechanism of ciliary muscles

A

ligament connects ciliary body to lens

at rest the suspensory ligament pulls the lens taught in a flat position

when the muscle contracts puts slack in the ligaments and allows the lens to round up

54
Q

Where is the ciliary body located?

A

between the iris and the lens

55
Q

Where does the optic cup end

56
Q

At the ______ the outer layer of the optic cup becomes the inner layer

57
Q

Optic cup is continuous with the ______ and ______

A

ciliary body, iris

58
Q

The lacrimal gland secretes tears into the __________.

A

conjunctival sac (space under the eyelids)

59
Q

Pathway of tears

A
  1. lacrimal gland
  2. conjuctival sac
  3. lacrimal papilla with puncta
  4. lacrimal caniculli
  5. lacrimal sac
  6. nasolacrimal duct
  7. inferior meatus of nasal cavity
60
Q

lacrimal puncta is hole inside the _______

A

lacrimal papillae

61
Q

The nasolacrimal duct drains into the ________

A

inferior meatus

62
Q

What is the limbus

A

anatomical conversion place between

63
Q

What is the plica semilunaris?

A

third eyelid

64
Q

Tarsal secretions of the eye are ______

A

continuous

65
Q

A loss of sympathetic innervation to the superior tarsus muscle would lead to______.

A

droopy eye

66
Q

ciliary glands are at the _______ of the eye lid associated with _________.

A

margin, eyelashes

67
Q

Tarsal glands extend into the _______ and _________.

A

upper eyelid and lower eyelid

68
Q

What type of muscle is located in the orbit?

69
Q

What type of muscle forms the extraocular muscles?

A

striated from head mesenchyme

70
Q

Rectus muscles originate from the __________.

A

Anulus tendineus

71
Q

Annulus tendineus surrounds the _______.

A

optic nerve

72
Q

The _______ nerve and _______ nerve go through the annulus tendineus.=

A

oculomotor (III), Abducens (VI)

73
Q

The _________ nerve does not go through the annulus tendinus

A

trochlear (IV)

74
Q

What are the elevators of the pupil?

A

superior rectus

inferior oblique

75
Q

The depressors of the pupil are _______ and ________.

A

superior oblique

inferior rectus

76
Q

The superior rectus goes ______ to its point of origin? (direction)

77
Q

Does the eye rotate around a horizontal or vertical axis of rotation?

A

horizontal axis of rotation

78
Q

Why is the medial rectus the best adductor?

A

farthest from axis of rotation so has great leverage

79
Q

What are the aDductors of the pupil?

A

medial rectus

superior rectus

inferior rectus

80
Q

What are the aBductors of the pupil?

A

lateral rectus

superior oblique

lateral oblique

81
Q

How to test eye muscle function?

A

Align the visual axis with the line of pull of the muscle

82
Q

How would you test the function of the superior rectus

A

Have patient look out first to align visual axis with the line of pull of the muscle

have patient look up

83
Q

patients should look out (lateral) first to test function of which eye muscles

A

superior rectus

lateral rectus

84
Q

patients should look in (medial) first to test eye function of which muscles

A

superior oblique

inferior oblique

85
Q

Which cranial nerve is injured the most?

86
Q

Why is cranial nerve VI the most commonly injured?

A

Has the longest intracranial course. Travels over sharp part of petrous part of temporal bone all the way to the orbit.

87
Q

Which part of which bone does the abducens travel over leaving it vulnerable to damage?

A

petrous part of the temporal bone

88
Q

Nerves coursing through the fat of the orbit are branches of the _________ nerve.

A

trigeminal

89
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve?

A

frontal

lacrimal

nasociliary

90
Q

The nasociliary nerve branches into _____ and _______.

A

anterior and posterior ethmoid nerves

91
Q

External nose innervation stems from the _________ nerves.

A

anterior and posterior ethmoid

92
Q

The ______ and ______ receive parasympathetic innervation in the orbit.

A

ciliary muscle

pupil sphincter (constrictor)

93
Q

Short ciliary nerves provide _________ and ________ to the orbit.

A

postsynaptic parasympathetics, general sensory neurons

94
Q

The _______ nerve synapsed onto the _______ ganglion, providing general sensory neurons to the orbit

A

nasociliary, ciliary

95
Q

parasympathetics for the lacrimal gland exit the brain with the _______ nerve, synapse onto the ______ ganglion, and follow the _________ nerve to the gland.

A

Facial, pterygopalatine, zygomatic

96
Q

_____ and _____ are branches of the nasociliary nerves.

A

ciliary nerves (long and short), ethmoid nerves (ant. and post.)

97
Q

The _____ half of the central artery of the retina is in the optic nerve.

98
Q

The ophthalmic artery travels with the _______ through the optic canal.

A

optic nerve

99
Q

Most of the arteries of the orbit follow the ________.

A

trigeminal nerve

100
Q

The venous blood of the orbit drains backwards into the ________.

A

dura sinus

101
Q

Pathway of ophthalmic vein

A

cavernous sinus

petrosal sinus

sigmoid sinus

internal jugular vein (out the skull)

Head and Neck (9 decks)

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