Head Flashcards
Why is sensory innervation of the pharyngeal arch surfaces different than what its expected to be?
The skin does not grow over arches 2-6 and instead merges with the cervical sinus and disappears.
What nerves provides sensory innervation to areas beyond the mandible?
cervical spinal nerves
How can you differentiate between facial nerves and branches of trigeminal nerve.
Facial nerves branch from one point and trigeminal nerves exit skull through foramen
The ______ artery is the largest subcutaneous artery in the body
facial
large to supply muscles of facial expression
______ muscle allows us to lift our eyebrows
frontalis
_____ part of orbicularis oculi is for forceful, protective closing of the eye.
Orbital
______ part of orbicularis oculi is inside the eyelids and for normal blinking
palpebral
_________ allows us to perse our lips for kissing and sucking out of a straw.
orbicularis oris
______ muscles takes pressure off of the trachea during exertion
platysma
mentalis pulls skin of the mandible ______.
upwards
Smiling involves the _________ minor and major.
zygomaticus
______ muscle along with the platysma pull the lip down.
depressor labii inferioris
_____ muscle is beginning of muscular GI tract
buccinator
______ septum acts as a barrier to passage of infection from face to orbit.
Orbital
_________ muscle helps tears spread
orbicularis oculi
What connects the galea aponeurotica to the periosteum
loose connective tissue
What are the layers of the scalp
skin
subcutaneous
fascia
galea aponeurotica
_____, ______,, and _______ form a tight unit that slides over the periosteum.
skin, subcutaneous fascia, galea aponeurotica
Why is there no blood transversing bone to scalp
Blood comes up from the sides
What allows for a black eye to result if someone gets hit on top of the head
the danger zone in the head with loose connective tissue where blood/infection can easily spread
_______ slides of the periosteum
galea aponeurotica
The dura has a _________ and _________ component
periosteal, meningeal
The superior sagittal sinus is inside the _________.
dura mater
________ pushes the arachnoid against the dura mater, they are not fused.
Cerebrospinal fluid
The ________ tightly adheres to the brain similarly to how it does in the spinal cord.
Pia mater
There is no __________ space in the skull, so the dura mater attaches to bone.
Epidural
cerebrospinal fluid travels in __________ space.
subarachnoid
All the dural sinuses converge on ________ vein.
internal jugular vein
_______ sinuses are venous channels between two layers of dura
Dural
If there is an increase in intracranial pressure blood will be shunted from the brain to the skin via the __________ vein
emissary
_______ is an ultra filtrate of arterial blood so it has to get back into the bloodstream.
CSF
CSF gets back into the bloodstream via _______.
arachnoid granulations
If CSF pressure is _______ than venous pressure the arachnoid granulations puff up and diffuse CSF into the blood
greater
If CFS pressure is less than venous pressure the arachnoid tufts _______ to minimize flow of CSF into blood.
collapse
The older we get the ________ arachnoid granulations get.
larger
The __________ artery is between dura and bone.
middle meningeal
The middle meningeal artery is a branch of the ________ artery.
maxillary
Where is the middle meningeal artery the thickest? What clinical implications does this have?
The thinnest area of our neurocranium
A fracture to this area can easily rip the meningeal artery
Why is a blow to the head a medical emergency
The middle meningeal artery could be ruptured which is high flow blood and can quickly raise intracranial pressure.
Epidural bleeding is ________ from the ______ artery
arterial, middle meningeal
Subdural bleeding is ________ from the ______ vein.
venous, cerebral vein
What is used to test rise in intracranial pressure?
Shining a light in someones eye to see if it dilates, if it stays fixed then increased pressure is disabling the nerves supplying extra ocular muscles.
Brain aneurysms are _________ bleeding from cerebral ________.
subarachnoid, arteries
Bone in an MRI is colored _______.
Black
What is the difference between epidural and subdural bleeding on imaging?
Blood more contained in epidural bleeding while the blood has a. more irregular shape in subdural bleeding because dura and arachnoid not tightly attached.
________ blood follows contours of the brain. (epidural, subdural, or subarachnoid)
Subarachnoid
_____ sinuses act as resonating chambers for our voice.
Paranasal
Paranasal sinuses are lined with ________ and drain into the _________.
mucous membranes, nasal cavity
what does the falx cerebri do>?
separate the right and left cerebral hemispheres
Blood deep in the brain drains into the __________ vein.
great cerebral vein
What is the flow sequence of blood that drains into the superior sagittal sinus?
Superior sagittal sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Internal jugular vein
What is the flow of blood that drains into the inferior sagittal sinus?
inferior sagittal sinus
great cerebral vein
straight sinus
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
internal jugular vein
Blood in the eye drains in which direction ?
Backwards
Ophthalmic veins drain into the ________ sinus, then petrosal sinus, and then ________ sinus.
cavernous, sigmoid
_______ flanks the body of the sphenoid.
Sella turcica
All the nerves going to the orbit pass though the ______ sinus on their way to the superior orbital fissure.
Cavernous
The ________ gland lies in the cavernous sinus.
pituitary
The __________ and __________ of the trigeminal nerve pass through the cavernous sinus.
ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve
What can happen if the internal carotid near the cavernous sinus ruptures?
An anestomosis will be created causing blood form the carotid to enter the cavernous sinus and ultimately the ophthalmic vein. The eyes will bulge and pulse with heartbeat
Tumors in mid face can spread into the neurocranium via connections to the __________ fossa.
pterygopalatine
_______ vein passes through the _______ foramen and provides communication between the dural venous sinuses and veins of the scalp/skull exterior.
Emissary, mastoid
The two ossification pathways are _________ and _________.
endochondral, intramembranous
In endochondral ossification _______ cartilage acts as a precursor and is replaced by bone
hyaline
In intramembranous ossification sheets of ____________ transform into bone.
mesenchyme
How do the two ossification pathways differs?
intramembranous ossification is direct with no precursor while endochondral ossification requires a pre curse.
The skull base and bones beyond the skull form through _________ ossification
endochondral
Most of the clavicle forms via _________ ossification
intramembranous
The upper part of the neurocranium and bones of face form via _________ ossification
intramembranous
Neck cartilages and ear ossicles form via ________ ossification
endochondral
_______, _______, and _________ have dual ossification pathways.
sphenoid
occipital
temporal
The frontal and parietal bone undergo _______ ossification.
intramembranous
Bones of the skull develop from __________ or __________.
ectomesenchyme (head mesenchyme) , paraxial mesoderm
Head mesenchyme is derived from __________ cells.
neural crest
___________ gives rise to most of the bones of the face and middle ear
head mesenchyme
head mesenchyme migrates from neural crest cells migrates to which arches?
Arch 1 and 2
sphenoid bone _____ to the sella turcica develops from head mesenchyme
anterior
sphenoid bone _______ to the sella turcica develops from paraxial mesoderm
posterior
facial bones, sphenoid (part), frontal, and temporal bone develop from _________
head mesenchyme
What is craniocytosis?
Premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures
What secondary problems can result due to craniocytosis?
increased intracranial pressure, facial deformities, difficulties with breathing
_________ between boundaries of head mesenchyme and paraxial mesoderm can result in craniocytosis.
Improper signaling
Although the parietal bones are derived from _____________, a slice of __________ travels bewteen them of form the sagittal suture.
paraxial mesoderm, head mesenchyme
_______ develop from residual cells of the notochord that have not fully transformed and form a neoplasm
Chordoma
The most _______ end of the notochord serves as a junction point between head mesenchyme and paraxial mesoderm. This point also slits the ________ bone.
superior, sphenoid
