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Head and Neck > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Why is sensory innervation of the pharyngeal arch surfaces different than what its expected to be?

A

The skin does not grow over arches 2-6 and instead merges with the cervical sinus and disappears.

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2
Q

What nerves provides sensory innervation to areas beyond the mandible?

A

cervical spinal nerves

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3
Q

How can you differentiate between facial nerves and branches of trigeminal nerve.

A

Facial nerves branch from one point and trigeminal nerves exit skull through foramen

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4
Q

The ______ artery is the largest subcutaneous artery in the body

A

facial

large to supply muscles of facial expression

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5
Q

______ muscle allows us to lift our eyebrows

A

frontalis

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6
Q

_____ part of orbicularis oculi is for forceful, protective closing of the eye.

A

Orbital

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7
Q

______ part of orbicularis oculi is inside the eyelids and for normal blinking

A

palpebral

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8
Q

_________ allows us to perse our lips for kissing and sucking out of a straw.

A

orbicularis oris

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9
Q

______ muscles takes pressure off of the trachea during exertion

A

platysma

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10
Q

mentalis pulls skin of the mandible ______.

A

upwards

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11
Q

Smiling involves the _________ minor and major.

A

zygomaticus

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12
Q

______ muscle along with the platysma pull the lip down.

A

depressor labii inferioris

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13
Q

_____ muscle is beginning of muscular GI tract

A

buccinator

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14
Q

______ septum acts as a barrier to passage of infection from face to orbit.

A

Orbital

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15
Q

_________ muscle helps tears spread

A

orbicularis oculi

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16
Q

What connects the galea aponeurotica to the periosteum

A

loose connective tissue

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17
Q

What are the layers of the scalp

A

skin
subcutaneous

fascia

galea aponeurotica

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18
Q

_____, ______,, and _______ form a tight unit that slides over the periosteum.

A

skin, subcutaneous fascia, galea aponeurotica

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19
Q

Why is there no blood transversing bone to scalp

A

Blood comes up from the sides

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20
Q

What allows for a black eye to result if someone gets hit on top of the head

A

the danger zone in the head with loose connective tissue where blood/infection can easily spread

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21
Q

_______ slides of the periosteum

A

galea aponeurotica

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22
Q

The dura has a _________ and _________ component

A

periosteal, meningeal

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23
Q

The superior sagittal sinus is inside the _________.

A

dura mater

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24
Q

________ pushes the arachnoid against the dura mater, they are not fused.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

The ________ tightly adheres to the brain similarly to how it does in the spinal cord.

A

Pia mater

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26
Q

There is no __________ space in the skull, so the dura mater attaches to bone.

A

Epidural

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27
Q

cerebrospinal fluid travels in __________ space.

A

subarachnoid

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28
Q

All the dural sinuses converge on ________ vein.

A

internal jugular vein

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29
Q

_______ sinuses are venous channels between two layers of dura

A

Dural

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30
Q

If there is an increase in intracranial pressure blood will be shunted from the brain to the skin via the __________ vein

A

emissary

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31
Q

_______ is an ultra filtrate of arterial blood so it has to get back into the bloodstream.

A

CSF

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32
Q

CSF gets back into the bloodstream via _______.

A

arachnoid granulations

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33
Q

If CSF pressure is _______ than venous pressure the arachnoid granulations puff up and diffuse CSF into the blood

A

greater

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34
Q

If CFS pressure is less than venous pressure the arachnoid tufts _______ to minimize flow of CSF into blood.

A

collapse

35
Q

The older we get the ________ arachnoid granulations get.

A

larger

36
Q

The __________ artery is between dura and bone.

A

middle meningeal

37
Q

The middle meningeal artery is a branch of the ________ artery.

A

maxillary

38
Q

Where is the middle meningeal artery the thickest? What clinical implications does this have?

A

The thinnest area of our neurocranium

A fracture to this area can easily rip the meningeal artery

39
Q

Why is a blow to the head a medical emergency

A

The middle meningeal artery could be ruptured which is high flow blood and can quickly raise intracranial pressure.

40
Q

Epidural bleeding is ________ from the ______ artery

A

arterial, middle meningeal

41
Q

Subdural bleeding is ________ from the ______ vein.

A

venous, cerebral vein

42
Q

What is used to test rise in intracranial pressure?

A

Shining a light in someones eye to see if it dilates, if it stays fixed then increased pressure is disabling the nerves supplying extra ocular muscles.

43
Q

Brain aneurysms are _________ bleeding from cerebral ________.

A

subarachnoid, arteries

44
Q

Bone in an MRI is colored _______.

A

Black

45
Q

What is the difference between epidural and subdural bleeding on imaging?

A

Blood more contained in epidural bleeding while the blood has a. more irregular shape in subdural bleeding because dura and arachnoid not tightly attached.

46
Q

________ blood follows contours of the brain. (epidural, subdural, or subarachnoid)

A

Subarachnoid

47
Q

_____ sinuses act as resonating chambers for our voice.

A

Paranasal

48
Q

Paranasal sinuses are lined with ________ and drain into the _________.

A

mucous membranes, nasal cavity

49
Q

what does the falx cerebri do>?

A

separate the right and left cerebral hemispheres

50
Q

Blood deep in the brain drains into the __________ vein.

A

great cerebral vein

51
Q

What is the flow sequence of blood that drains into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

Transverse sinus

Sigmoid sinus

Internal jugular vein

52
Q

What is the flow of blood that drains into the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

inferior sagittal sinus

great cerebral vein

straight sinus

transverse sinus

sigmoid sinus

internal jugular vein

53
Q

Blood in the eye drains in which direction ?

A

Backwards

54
Q

Ophthalmic veins drain into the ________ sinus, then petrosal sinus, and then ________ sinus.

A

cavernous, sigmoid

55
Q

_______ flanks the body of the sphenoid.

A

Sella turcica

56
Q

All the nerves going to the orbit pass though the ______ sinus on their way to the superior orbital fissure.

A

Cavernous

57
Q

The ________ gland lies in the cavernous sinus.

A

pituitary

58
Q

The __________ and __________ of the trigeminal nerve pass through the cavernous sinus.

A

ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve

59
Q

What can happen if the internal carotid near the cavernous sinus ruptures?

A

An anestomosis will be created causing blood form the carotid to enter the cavernous sinus and ultimately the ophthalmic vein. The eyes will bulge and pulse with heartbeat

60
Q

Tumors in mid face can spread into the neurocranium via connections to the __________ fossa.

A

pterygopalatine

61
Q

_______ vein passes through the _______ foramen and provides communication between the dural venous sinuses and veins of the scalp/skull exterior.

A

Emissary, mastoid

62
Q

The two ossification pathways are _________ and _________.

A

endochondral, intramembranous

63
Q

In endochondral ossification _______ cartilage acts as a precursor and is replaced by bone

A

hyaline

64
Q

In intramembranous ossification sheets of ____________ transform into bone.

A

mesenchyme

65
Q

How do the two ossification pathways differs?

A

intramembranous ossification is direct with no precursor while endochondral ossification requires a pre curse.

66
Q

The skull base and bones beyond the skull form through _________ ossification

A

endochondral

67
Q

Most of the clavicle forms via _________ ossification

A

intramembranous

68
Q

The upper part of the neurocranium and bones of face form via _________ ossification

A

intramembranous

69
Q

Neck cartilages and ear ossicles form via ________ ossification

A

endochondral

70
Q

_______, _______, and _________ have dual ossification pathways.

A

sphenoid

occipital

temporal

71
Q

The frontal and parietal bone undergo _______ ossification.

A

intramembranous

72
Q

Bones of the skull develop from __________ or __________.

A

ectomesenchyme (head mesenchyme) , paraxial mesoderm

73
Q

Head mesenchyme is derived from __________ cells.

A

neural crest

74
Q

___________ gives rise to most of the bones of the face and middle ear

A

head mesenchyme

75
Q

head mesenchyme migrates from neural crest cells migrates to which arches?

A

Arch 1 and 2

76
Q

sphenoid bone _____ to the sella turcica develops from head mesenchyme

A

anterior

77
Q

sphenoid bone _______ to the sella turcica develops from paraxial mesoderm

A

posterior

78
Q

facial bones, sphenoid (part), frontal, and temporal bone develop from _________

A

head mesenchyme

79
Q

What is craniocytosis?

A

Premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures

80
Q

What secondary problems can result due to craniocytosis?

A

increased intracranial pressure, facial deformities, difficulties with breathing

81
Q

_________ between boundaries of head mesenchyme and paraxial mesoderm can result in craniocytosis.

A

Improper signaling

82
Q

Although the parietal bones are derived from _____________, a slice of __________ travels bewteen them of form the sagittal suture.

A

paraxial mesoderm, head mesenchyme

83
Q

_______ develop from residual cells of the notochord that have not fully transformed and form a neoplasm

A

Chordoma

84
Q

The most _______ end of the notochord serves as a junction point between head mesenchyme and paraxial mesoderm. This point also slits the ________ bone.

A

superior, sphenoid

Head and Neck (9 decks)

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