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Head and Neck > Head and Neck Anatomy Week 2 > Flashcards

Head and Neck Anatomy Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meatus?

A

The space that lies underneath the projecting concha

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2
Q

What opens into the spheno-ethmoid recess?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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3
Q

What opens into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoid air cells

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4
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A

Maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal air cells and middle ethmoidal air cells

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5
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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6
Q

What is the innervation of the frontal sinus?

A

V1

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7
Q

What is the innervation of the maxillary sinus?

A

V2

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8
Q

What is the innervation of the ethmoidal sinus?

A

V1

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9
Q

What is the innervation of the sphenoidal sinus?

A

V1 & 2

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10
Q

Where do the pterygoid muscles attach?

A

Lateral pterygoid plate

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11
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (except the palatoglossus)

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12
Q

What is the vestibular fold?

A

False vocal cord

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13
Q

What is the vocal fold?

A

True vocal cord

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles that are attached to the vocal cords?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve (except for the cricothyroid muscle - superior laryngeal nerve)

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the pharynx?

A

IX - Stylopharyngeus

X - Innervates the rest

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16
Q

With which bone do the nasal bones articulate superiorly?

A

Frontal bone

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17
Q

What bones form the roof of the nose?

A

Nasal, frontal, ethmoid and the body of the sphenoid

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18
Q

What bones form the nasal septum?

A

Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

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19
Q

What structure (in addition to the bones) completes the nasal septum?

A

Septal cartilage

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20
Q

Which nerve passes through the cribiform plate?

A

Olfactory

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21
Q

What attaches to the Crista gali?

A

Falx cerebri - fold of the dura mater

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22
Q

What type of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which lines the majority of the nasal cavity?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

What type of mucosa lines the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory mucosa

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24
Q

What is the name of the space above the superior concha?

A

Sphenoethmoidal

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25
Q

What bone are the superior and middle conchae parts of?

A

Ethmoid

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26
Q

What arteries supply the nose?

A

Opthalmic (branch of the ICA) and branches of the ECA

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27
Q

What is the venous drainage of the nose?

A

Drainage is via a venous plexus

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28
Q

What are the paranasal air sinuses?

A

Holes in the skull that contain air

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29
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal air sinuses?

A

Reservoir of warm air, lighten skull, vocal resonance, immune barrier and producing mucus

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30
Q

What opens into the spheno-ethmoid recess?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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31
Q

What opens into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoid air cells

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32
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A

Maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal air cells and middle ethmoidal air cells

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33
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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34
Q

Which air sinus has a floor which is often indented by tooth sockets?

A

Maxillary

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35
Q

What is the innervation of the frontal air sinus?

A

CrN V1

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36
Q

What is the innervation of the maxillary air sinus?

A

CrN V2

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37
Q

What is the innervation of the sphenoid air sinus?

A

CrN V1 & 2

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38
Q

What is the innervation of the ethmoidal air cells?

A

CrN V1

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39
Q

What is the name given to the lymphoid tissue which lies between the roof and the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

A

Adenoids/nasopharyngeal tonsil

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40
Q

Which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

Sphenoid

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41
Q

Which tube connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

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42
Q

What muscle lies under the Eustachian tube?

A

Salpingopharyngeus

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43
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there ?

A

Total -20
Incisor - 8
Canines - 4
Molars - 8

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44
Q

How many permanent teeth are there?

A 
Total - 28
Incisor - 8
Canines - 4
Premolars - 8
Molars - 12 (4 wisdom teeth)
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45
Q

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint TMJ)?

A

Synovial hinge joint

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46
Q

What articular processes form the TMJ?

A

Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and condyloid process of the mandible

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47
Q

What movements of the mandible occur at the TMJ?

A

Elevation, depression, protusion, retraction and side to side movements

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48
Q

Name the muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid

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49
Q

What are the bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?

A

Temporal fossa and coronoid process of the mandible

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50
Q

What is the action of the anterior fibres of the temporalis muscle?

A

Close the jaw

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51
Q

What is the action of the posterior fibres of the temporalis muscle?

A

Retract the mandible

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52
Q

What are the bony attachments of the masseter?

A

Maxilary process of the zygomatic bone and the outer surface of the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible

53
Q

What is the action of the masseter?

A

Elevates the mandible - closing the mouth

54
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle attach?

A

The lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

55
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid muscle attach?

A

The medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

56
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle attach to the mandible?

A

It enters into the joint capsule of the TMJ to insert onto the neck of the mandible and also the articular disc of the joint

57
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid muscle attach?

A

Ramus of the mandible

58
Q

What action does contraction of the lateral pterygoids have?

A

They push the jaw forwards (protrusion)

59
Q

When the lateral pterygoid muscle contracts with the medial pterygoid of the same side what action does this have?

A

Side to side movement

60
Q

When the two medial pterygoid muscles what action do they cause?

A

Elevates the mandible - closing the mouth

61
Q

Name the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid

62
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Depressing the mandible

63
Q

What muscles elevate the mandible?

A

Masseter, temporalis and medial pterygoid

64
Q

What muscles depress the mandible?

A

Digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid

65
Q

What muscle cause protrusion of the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid

66
Q

What muscle causes retraction of the mandible?

A

Temporalis

67
Q

What muscles cause side to side movements of the mandible?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoids

68
Q

Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve emerge from the cranial cavity?

A

Foramen ovale

69
Q

In which fossa do the motor branches supply the muscles of mastication?

A

Infratemporal fossa

70
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve enters the mandibular foramen and provides sensory innervation to the mandibular area?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve (sensory)

71
Q

What is the vestibule of the oral cavity?

A

The space between the lips/cheeks and gums/teeth

72
Q

Which muscle lies in the lateral walls of the oral cavity and is supplied by the facial nerve?

A

Buccinator

73
Q

Which muscle causes closing/pursing of the lips when it contracts?

A

Orbicularis oris

74
Q

What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?

A

Oropharyngeal isthmus

75
Q

What bones form the hard palate?

A

Palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palantine bone

76
Q

Name the muscles of the soft palate

A

Tensor veli palitini, levator veli palitini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus and musculus uvulae

77
Q

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the soft palate?

A

Glossopharyngeal plexus

Tensor veli palatine - CrN 5 V3

78
Q

What is the collective action of the muscles of the soft palate?

A

Elevation of the palate to close the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing preventing a food bolus from entering the nasopharynx

79
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

Anterior: right and left palatoglossal arches
Superior: Uvula
Inferior: epiglottis

80
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Taste, moving food during chewing, speech and swallowing

81
Q

What sulcus divides the anterior 2/3 and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Sulcus terminalis

82
Q

What is the embryological significance of the sulcus terminalis?

A

It is where the thyroid duct grew downwards to form the structure as it is in adult life

83
Q

What are the three types of papillae found on the tongue?

A

Filiform, fungiform and vallate

84
Q

What is the collection of submucosal lymphoid tissue on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue called?

A

Lingual tonsil

85
Q

What is the name of the fold of mucous membrane that fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Lingual frenulum

86
Q

Which nerve gives general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual division of CrN 5 V3

87
Q

Which nerve gives general sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

88
Q

Which nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani - branch of the facial nerve (VII)

89
Q

Which nerve carries taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

90
Q

What is the collective function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

They alter the size and shape of the tongue

91
Q

Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus and palatoglossus

92
Q

What are the attachments of the genioglossus?

A

Inner surface of the mental symphysis close to the midline

93
Q

What is the action of the genioglossus muscle?

A

Protrudes tongue to the opposite side

94
Q

What is the attachment of the hyoglossus muscle?

A

Upper border of the hyoid bone

95
Q

What are the actions of the hyoglossus muscle?

A

Depresses and retracts the tongue

96
Q

What is the attachment of the styloglossus muscle?

A

Styloid process of the temporal bone

97
Q

What are the actions of the styloglossus muscle?

A

Retracts and elevates the tongue

98
Q

What is the attachment of the palatoglossus muscle?

A

Soft palate

99
Q

What is the action of the palatoglossus muscle?

A

Elevates the posterior aspect of the tongue

100
Q

Which nerve innervates all the muscles of the tongue except one and what is the exception?

A

Hypoglossal

Palatoglossus is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus

101
Q

Name the three large paired salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

102
Q

Which nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

103
Q

Which nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular gland?

A

Facial nerve

104
Q

Which nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the sublingual gland?

A

Facial nerve

105
Q

Which structure is the larynx continuous with superiorly?

A

Pharynx

106
Q

Which structure does the larynx continue as inferiorly?

A

Trachea

107
Q

Which structure forms the ‘Adam’s apple’ in males?

A

Thyroid cartilage

108
Q

Which of the cartilages of the larynx is paired?

A

Aricoid cartilage

109
Q

Which of the cartilages of the larynx is a complete ring?

A

Cricoid cartilage

110
Q

What is the name of the membrane that connects the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?

A

Thyrohyoid ligament

111
Q

What is the name of the membrane between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage?

A

Cricothyroid

112
Q

Which membrane lies inferior to the vocal cord?

A

Cricothyroid

113
Q

Which structures form the laryngeal inlet?

A

Epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, arytenoid cartilage and intraarytenoid folds

114
Q

Where is the vestibule of the larynx located?

A

Between the laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds

115
Q

Where is the middle part of the larynx?

A

Between the vestibular folds and the true vocal cords

116
Q

Where is the lower part of the larynx?

A

Between the vocal cords and the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

117
Q

Which muscles control the movement of the vocal fold as well as controlling the diameter of the laryngeal inlet?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the intrinsic muscles

118
Q

Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Recurrent laryngeal

Except for the cricothyroid muscle which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve

119
Q

What happens if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is transected?

A

Paralysis of the vocal cords - resulting in a hoarse voice

120
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the mucous membrane of the larynx?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

121
Q

Which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

Sphenoid bone

122
Q

What structure prevents a bolus of food/drink entering the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

123
Q

What are the three layers of the pharynx?

A

Outer muscular: outer circular and inner longitudinal layer
Middle fibrous layer
Inner mucous membrane

124
Q

What muscles make up the outer circular layer of the pharynx?

A

Superior, middle and inferior constrictors

125
Q

Which muscles make up the inner longitudinal layer of the pharyx?

A

Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus

126
Q

Which two cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus

127
Q

What is the role of the longitudinal layer of muscles during swallowing?

A

Elevation of the larynx

128
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

A collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the entrance to the oropharynx

129
Q

What is the role of the tongue and palate muscles during swallowing?

A

Stops food entering the pharynx immaturely and then moves the food into the pharynx

Head and Neck (10 decks)

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