Head and Neck Anatomy Week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the meatus?
A
The space that lies underneath the projecting concha
2
Q
What opens into the spheno-ethmoid recess?
A
Sphenoid sinus
3
Q
What opens into the superior meatus?
A
Posterior ethmoid air cells
4
Q
What opens into the middle meatus?
A
Maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal air cells and middle ethmoidal air cells
5
Q
What opens into the inferior meatus?
A
Nasolacrimal duct
6
Q
What is the innervation of the frontal sinus?
A
V1
7
Q
What is the innervation of the maxillary sinus?
A
V2
8
Q
What is the innervation of the ethmoidal sinus?
A
V1
9
Q
What is the innervation of the sphenoidal sinus?
A
V1 & 2
10
Q
Where do the pterygoid muscles attach?
A
Lateral pterygoid plate
11
Q
What is the innervation of the muscles of the tongue?
A
Hypoglossal nerve (except the palatoglossus)
12
Q
What is the vestibular fold?
A
False vocal cord
13
Q
What is the vocal fold?
A
True vocal cord
14
Q
What is the innervation of the muscles that are attached to the vocal cords?
A
The recurrent laryngeal nerve (except for the cricothyroid muscle - superior laryngeal nerve)
15
Q
What is the innervation of the pharynx?
A
IX - Stylopharyngeus
X - Innervates the rest
16
Q
With which bone do the nasal bones articulate superiorly?
A
Frontal bone
17
Q
What bones form the roof of the nose?
A
Nasal, frontal, ethmoid and the body of the sphenoid
18
Q
What bones form the nasal septum?
A
Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
19
Q
What structure (in addition to the bones) completes the nasal septum?
A
Septal cartilage
20
Q
Which nerve passes through the cribiform plate?
A
Olfactory
21
Q
What attaches to the Crista gali?
A
Falx cerebri - fold of the dura mater
22
Q
What type of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which lines the majority of the nasal cavity?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
23
Q
What type of mucosa lines the roof of the nasal cavity?
A
Olfactory mucosa
24
Q
What is the name of the space above the superior concha?
A
Sphenoethmoidal
25
What bone are the superior and middle conchae parts of?
Ethmoid
26
What arteries supply the nose?
Opthalmic (branch of the ICA) and branches of the ECA
27
What is the venous drainage of the nose?
Drainage is via a venous plexus
28
What are the paranasal air sinuses?
Holes in the skull that contain air
29
What are the functions of the paranasal air sinuses?
Reservoir of warm air, lighten skull, vocal resonance, immune barrier and producing mucus
30
What opens into the spheno-ethmoid recess?
Sphenoid sinus
31
What opens into the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoid air cells
32
What opens into the middle meatus?
Maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal air cells and middle ethmoidal air cells
33
What opens into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
34
Which air sinus has a floor which is often indented by tooth sockets?
Maxillary
35
What is the innervation of the frontal air sinus?
CrN V1
36
What is the innervation of the maxillary air sinus?
CrN V2
37
What is the innervation of the sphenoid air sinus?
CrN V1 & 2
38
What is the innervation of the ethmoidal air cells?
CrN V1
39
What is the name given to the lymphoid tissue which lies between the roof and the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
Adenoids/nasopharyngeal tonsil
40
Which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx?
Sphenoid
41
Which tube connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear?
Eustachian tube
42
What muscle lies under the Eustachian tube?
Salpingopharyngeus
43
How many deciduous teeth are there ?
Total -20
Incisor - 8
Canines - 4
Molars - 8
44
How many permanent teeth are there?
```
Total - 28
Incisor - 8
Canines - 4
Premolars - 8
Molars - 12 (4 wisdom teeth)
```
45
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint TMJ)?
Synovial hinge joint
46
What articular processes form the TMJ?
Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and condyloid process of the mandible
47
What movements of the mandible occur at the TMJ?
Elevation, depression, protusion, retraction and side to side movements
48
Name the muscles of mastication?
Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid
49
What are the bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?
Temporal fossa and coronoid process of the mandible
50
What is the action of the anterior fibres of the temporalis muscle?
Close the jaw
51
What is the action of the posterior fibres of the temporalis muscle?
Retract the mandible
52
What are the bony attachments of the masseter?
Maxilary process of the zygomatic bone and the outer surface of the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible
53
What is the action of the masseter?
Elevates the mandible - closing the mouth
54
Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle attach?
The lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
55
Where does the medial pterygoid muscle attach?
The medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
56
Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle attach to the mandible?
It enters into the joint capsule of the TMJ to insert onto the neck of the mandible and also the articular disc of the joint
57
Where does the medial pterygoid muscle attach?
Ramus of the mandible
58
What action does contraction of the lateral pterygoids have?
They push the jaw forwards (protrusion)
59
When the lateral pterygoid muscle contracts with the medial pterygoid of the same side what action does this have?
Side to side movement
60
When the two medial pterygoid muscles what action do they cause?
Elevates the mandible - closing the mouth
61
Name the suprahyoid muscles?
Digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid
62
What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?
Depressing the mandible
63
What muscles elevate the mandible?
Masseter, temporalis and medial pterygoid
64
What muscles depress the mandible?
Digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid
65
What muscle cause protrusion of the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid
66
What muscle causes retraction of the mandible?
Temporalis
67
What muscles cause side to side movements of the mandible?
Medial and lateral pterygoids
68
Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve emerge from the cranial cavity?
Foramen ovale
69
In which fossa do the motor branches supply the muscles of mastication?
Infratemporal fossa
70
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve enters the mandibular foramen and provides sensory innervation to the mandibular area?
Inferior alveolar nerve (sensory)
71
What is the vestibule of the oral cavity?
The space between the lips/cheeks and gums/teeth
72
Which muscle lies in the lateral walls of the oral cavity and is supplied by the facial nerve?
Buccinator
73
Which muscle causes closing/pursing of the lips when it contracts?
Orbicularis oris
74
What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?
Oropharyngeal isthmus
75
What bones form the hard palate?
Palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palantine bone
76
Name the muscles of the soft palate
Tensor veli palitini, levator veli palitini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus and musculus uvulae
77
What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the soft palate?
Glossopharyngeal plexus
| Tensor veli palatine - CrN 5 V3
78
What is the collective action of the muscles of the soft palate?
Elevation of the palate to close the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing preventing a food bolus from entering the nasopharynx
79
What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?
Anterior: right and left palatoglossal arches
Superior: Uvula
Inferior: epiglottis
80
What are the functions of the tongue?
Taste, moving food during chewing, speech and swallowing
81
What sulcus divides the anterior 2/3 and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Sulcus terminalis
82
What is the embryological significance of the sulcus terminalis?
It is where the thyroid duct grew downwards to form the structure as it is in adult life
83
What are the three types of papillae found on the tongue?
Filiform, fungiform and vallate
84
What is the collection of submucosal lymphoid tissue on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue called?
Lingual tonsil
85
What is the name of the fold of mucous membrane that fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Lingual frenulum
86
Which nerve gives general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Lingual division of CrN 5 V3
87
Which nerve gives general sensory innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
88
Which nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Chorda tympani - branch of the facial nerve (VII)
89
Which nerve carries taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
90
What is the collective function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
They alter the size and shape of the tongue
91
Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus and palatoglossus
92
What are the attachments of the genioglossus?
Inner surface of the mental symphysis close to the midline
93
What is the action of the genioglossus muscle?
Protrudes tongue to the opposite side
94
What is the attachment of the hyoglossus muscle?
Upper border of the hyoid bone
95
What are the actions of the hyoglossus muscle?
Depresses and retracts the tongue
96
What is the attachment of the styloglossus muscle?
Styloid process of the temporal bone
97
What are the actions of the styloglossus muscle?
Retracts and elevates the tongue
98
What is the attachment of the palatoglossus muscle?
Soft palate
99
What is the action of the palatoglossus muscle?
Elevates the posterior aspect of the tongue
100
Which nerve innervates all the muscles of the tongue except one and what is the exception?
Hypoglossal
| Palatoglossus is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus
101
Name the three large paired salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
102
Which nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
103
Which nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular gland?
Facial nerve
104
Which nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the sublingual gland?
Facial nerve
105
Which structure is the larynx continuous with superiorly?
Pharynx
106
Which structure does the larynx continue as inferiorly?
Trachea
107
Which structure forms the 'Adam's apple' in males?
Thyroid cartilage
108
Which of the cartilages of the larynx is paired?
Aricoid cartilage
109
Which of the cartilages of the larynx is a complete ring?
Cricoid cartilage
110
What is the name of the membrane that connects the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?
Thyrohyoid ligament
111
What is the name of the membrane between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage?
Cricothyroid
112
Which membrane lies inferior to the vocal cord?
Cricothyroid
113
Which structures form the laryngeal inlet?
Epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, arytenoid cartilage and intraarytenoid folds
114
Where is the vestibule of the larynx located?
Between the laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds
115
Where is the middle part of the larynx?
Between the vestibular folds and the true vocal cords
116
Where is the lower part of the larynx?
Between the vocal cords and the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
117
Which muscles control the movement of the vocal fold as well as controlling the diameter of the laryngeal inlet?
Intrinsic muscles of the intrinsic muscles
118
Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal
| Except for the cricothyroid muscle which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve
119
What happens if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is transected?
Paralysis of the vocal cords - resulting in a hoarse voice
120
What is the sensory nerve supply to the mucous membrane of the larynx?
Superior laryngeal nerve
121
Which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx?
Sphenoid bone
122
What structure prevents a bolus of food/drink entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
123
What are the three layers of the pharynx?
Outer muscular: outer circular and inner longitudinal layer
Middle fibrous layer
Inner mucous membrane
124
What muscles make up the outer circular layer of the pharynx?
Superior, middle and inferior constrictors
125
Which muscles make up the inner longitudinal layer of the pharyx?
Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
126
Which two cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus?
Glossopharyngeal and vagus
127
What is the role of the longitudinal layer of muscles during swallowing?
Elevation of the larynx
128
What is Waldeyer's ring?
A collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the entrance to the oropharynx
129
What is the role of the tongue and palate muscles during swallowing?
Stops food entering the pharynx immaturely and then moves the food into the pharynx
