Head and Neck Anatomy Week 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the deep cervical fascia?
A
It surrounds the neck and sends septa internally to delineate compartments
2
Q
Would wounds to the scalp bleed profusely or sparingly and why?
A
Profusely - due to the connective tissue in the 2nd layer which prevents vasoconstriction
3
Q
What is the 3rd layer of the scalp?
A
Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle
4
Q
What is the clinical significance of the emissary veins?
A
These valveless veins transverse the diploe and can spread infection intracranially
5
Q
How do sympathetic fibres reach those regions supplied by cranial nerves?
A
Postganglionic fibres from the sympathetic chain form a plexus and hitch a ride with blood vessels
6
Q
What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
A
Opthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)
7
Q
Do the branches of the trigeminal nerve carry sensory fibres, motor fibres or both?
A
V1 - Sensory
V2 - Sensory
V3 - Sensory + Motor
8
Q
What fibres does the facial nerve contain?
A
Motor, sensory (special senses) and parasympathetic fibres
9
Q
What structures pass through the parotid gland?
A
External Carotid branches, retromandibular vein, facial nerve and facial artery
10
Q
What are the contents of the carotid sheath?
A
Carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve
11
Q
Where does the right common carotid arise from?
A
Brachiocephalic artery
12
Q
Where does the left common carotid arise from?
A
Directly from the aortic arch
13
Q
What does the ECA supply?
A
Neck, face and scalp
14
Q
What does the ICA supply?
A
Brain
15
Q
What do C1-5 form?
A
The cervical plexus
16
Q
What are the three parts of the skull?
A
Neuro-cranium, facial skull (viscera-cranium) and mandible
17
Q
Which part of the skull bone houses the red marrow?
A
Diploe (spongy bone)
18
Q
What are the main sutures of the skull?
A
Sagittal, coronal and lambdoid
19
Q
Between which bones does the sagittal suture lie?
A
The two parietal bones
20
Q
Between which bones does the coronal suture lie?
A
Between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones
21
Q
Between which bones does the lambdoid suture lie?
A
Between the occipital bone and the parietal bones
22
Q
Which bone is the occipital protuberance a part of?
A
Occipital bone
23
Q
Which bone is the mastoid process a part of?
A
Temporal bone
24
Q
Which bones is the zygomatic process a part of?
A
Temporal and zygomatic
25
What bone is the styloid process a part of?
Temporal bone
26
What bone are the occipital condyles a part of?
Occipital bone
27
What is the largest foramen in the posterior cranial fossa?
Foramen magnum
28
Name two structures that pass through foramen magnum?
The medulla (where it becomes the spinal cord) and the right and left vertebral arteries
29
What bone is the superior nuchal line a part of?
Occipital bone
30
What type of joint is present in the zygomatic arch?
Suture
31
What are the five layers of the scalp?
```
S-skin
C-connective tissue
A-aponeurosis
L-loose connective tissue
P-periosteum/pericranium
```
32
What are the functions of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Lifting the eyebrow and upper eyelid and wrinkling of the forehead = astonishment
33
What is the innervation of the anterior part of the scalp (anterior to the external ear)?
All three branches of the trigeminal nerve
34
What is the innervation of the posterior part of the scalp?
Branches of C2 and C3
35
What structure forms the ventral rami of C5-T1 and what does it supply?
Brachial plexus - supplies the upper limb
36
In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present?
Dense connective tissue
37
What artery are the supratrochlear artery and supraorbital artery branches of?
Internal carotid
38
What artery are the superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital arteries branches of?
External carotid
39
What is diploe?
Cancellous (spongy) bone separating the inner and outer layers of the cortical bone of the skull
40
Do the muscles of facial expressions lie superficial or deep?
Superficial
41
What nerve innervates all of the muscles of facial expression?
Facial (CrN VII)
42
From which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the side the side of the face?
Stylomastoid
43
What bony points lie on either side of the stylomastoid foramen?
Styloid and mastoid
44
What are the three pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
45
What are the relations of the parotid gland?
```
Base: Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Superior: Zygomatic
Inferiorly: Angle of the mandible
Apex: Masseter
Posterior: External Auditory Meatus
```
46
What type of gland is the parotid gland?
Exocrine gland
47
What is the difference between an exocrine and an endocrine gland?
Exocrine: has a duct
Endocrine: secretes directly into the blood
48
Which nerve branches emerge from the anterior border of the parotid gland?
Facial nerve
49
Which muscle does the parotid pierce to enter the oral cavity?
Buccinator
50
Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity
Opposite the maxillary 2nd molar
51
What artery gives off branches in the parotid gland?
ECA
52
What vein runs through the parotid gland?
Retromandibular vein
53
Which cranial nerve has fibres destined for the parotid gland?
Glossopharyngeal
54
Where does the sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland come from?
Superior cervical ganglion of the paravertebral chain
55
Which cranial nerve gives sensory innervation to the face?
Trigeminal (CrN V)
56
What are the three main branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular
57
Which artery are the facial and superficial temporal branches of?
ECA
58
What muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery as it enters onto the face?
Masseter
59
Which vein do the facial and superficial temporal veins drain into?
Internal jugular vein
60
What are the contents of the vertebral compartment of the neck?
Cervical vertebrae and postural muscles
61
What are the contents of the vascular compartments?
Major blood vessels and the vagus nerve
62
What are the contents of the visceral compartment?
Thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, part of the thymus gland, pharynx, larynx, trachea and oesophagus
63
What encloses the vertebral, vascular and visceral compartments?
Musculofascial collar
64
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
65
What kind of joint is present between the occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)?
Condyloid joint
66
What structures pass through the transverse foramen?
Vertebral arteries, veins and sympathetic nerve plexus
67
What is the vertebra prominens?
Spinous process of C7
68
What is the special feature of the spines of cervical vertebrae?
Short and bifid
69
What curvature exists in the cervical portion of the vertebral column?
Lordosis
70
What are the borders of the anterior triangle?
Superiorly: Inferior border of the mandible
Posteriorly: Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Anteriorly: Midline of the neck
71
What are the borders of the posterior triangle?
Anteriorly: Posterior border of the SCM
Posteriorly: Anterior border of the trapezius
Inferiorly: Middle 1/3 of the clavicle
72
What are the attachments of the SCM?
Sternum, clavicle and mastoid process
73
What are the actions of the trapezius?
Moving/rotating/stabilising the scapula and extending the head
74
Which cranial nerve innervates the SCM and trapezius?
Accessory (CrN XI)
75
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
Hyoid bone, midline of the neck and digastric muscle
76
Which lymph nodes are found in the submental triangle?
Submental lymph nodes
77
What are the borders of the digastric/submandibular triangle?
Mandible and digastric muscle
78
What are the contents of the digastric/submandibular triangle?
Facial artery and submandibular gland
79
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
Posterior belly of the digastric muscle, SCM and omohyoid muscle
80
What are the contents of the neurovascular sheath?
Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, hypoglossal nerve and vagus nerve
81
What are the borders of the muscular triangle?
Hyoid bone, midline, omohyoid muscle and SCM
82
What are the strap muscles of the neck?
Infrahyoid muscles
83
Which artery does the right CCA arise from?
Brachiocephalic
84
Which artery does the left CCA arise from?
Aorta
85
At what vertebral level does the CCA divide into the ECA and the ICA?
C4
86
Which branch of the CCA gives off branches in the neck?
ECA
87
Which branch of the CCA is the most lateral?
ICA
88
What are the two terminal branches of the ECA and in what structure are they given off?
Maxillary and superficial temporal - parotid gland
89
What vein does the IJV join with and what vein is formed?
Subclavian > brachiocephalic
90
Does the EJV run superficial or deep to the SCM?
Superficial
91
What vein does the EJV drain into?
Subclavian
92
Where does the vagus nerve lie in relation to the vascular contents of the neurovascular sheath?
Posteriorly
93
Where does the phrenic nerve arise from?
From the cervical plexus
94
Where does the phrenic nerve lie in relation to the carotid sheath?
Deep and posterior
95
Which muscles are attached to the hyoid bone?
Suprahyoid, infrahyoid, genioglossus and middle pharyngeal constrictor
96
Name the suprahyoid muscles?
Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric and stylohyoid
97
What is the nerve supply to the mylohyoid muscle?
Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
98
What is the nerve supply to the geniohyoid muscle?
C1 nerve roots that run within the hypoglossal nerve
99
What is the nerve supply to the digastric muscle?
Trigeminal and facial nerve
100
What is the nerve supply to the stylohyoid muscle?
Facial nerve
101
What actions do the suprahyoid muscles have on the hyoid bone and the mandible?
Elevate the hyoid bone and open the jaw
102
Name the infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid and omohyoid
103
What is the nerve supply to the sternohyoid muscle and what is its function?
Anterior rami of C1-3 -depresses the hyoid
104
What is the nerve supply and function of the sternothyroid muscle?
C1-3 - depresses the thyroid
105
What is the nerve supply and function of the thyrohyoid muscle?
C1 (within the hypoglossal nerve) - depresses the thyroid
106
What is the nerve supply and function of the omohyoid muscle?
Anterior rami of C1-3 - depresses the hyoid
107
What are the vertebral roots of the cervical plexus?
C1-4
108
Between which two muscles does the cervical plexus emerge?
SCM and trapezius
109
What is ansa cervicalis?
Loops of the cervical plexus
110
What are the anatomical parts of the thyroid gland?
R+L lobe and isthmus
111
At what level does the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie in relation to the trachea?
2&3 tracheal rings
112
In which compartment of the neck does the thyroid gland lie?
Visceral
