Global Aspect to ENT, Ophthalmic and Neurological Conditions

Question 1

What are the main determinants of health?

Answer 1

Physical environment, clinical care, social/economic factors, health behaviours and genes/biology

Question 2

What are the three top causes of global visual impairment?

Answer 2

Cataracts, refractive error and glaucoma

Question 3

What is trachoma?

Answer 3

Bacterial infection due to face-washing with dirty water, sharing linen and flies (chlamydia trachomatis)

Question 4

What are the consequences of trachoma?

Answer 4

Granulation of the inner eyelid which causes the eyelid to turn inwards and scratch the cornea

Question 5

What is the treatment of trachoma?

Answer 5

S - Surgery
A - Antibiotics
F - Facewashing
E - Environmental

Question 6

What is onchocerciasis?

Answer 6

River Blindness - transmitted by blackfly

Question 7

What is the pathology of onchocerciasis and how is it treated?

Answer 7

It causes eye lesions, inflammation and scarring - treated with an annual dose of Ivermectine

Question 8

What conditions commonly cause childhood blindness in LMIC?

Answer 8

Vit A deficiency and corneal scars: measles, traditional eye remedies, infections and rubella cataracts

Question 9

In which parts of the world do head injuries cause the most deaths?

Answer 9

LMIC - 90% of deaths

Question 10

Which craniofacial abnormalities have a higher incidence in LMIC?

Answer 10

Cleft Lip/Palate