Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards
Most common type of joint seen between most bones in the skull
Fibrous joint
Skull divided into 3 parts
neuro-cranium, facial skull, mandible
Structure of skull bone
compact bone - spongy bone (houses red marrow) - compact bone
Sagittal suture
Lies between the right and left parietal bones
Coronal suture
Lies between frontal and parietal bones
Lambdoid suture
Lies between occipital bone with R and L parietal and temporal
what bone is the occipital protuberance part of
occipital bone
what bone is the mastoid process part of
temporal bone
what bones make up the zygomatic arch
temporal and zygomatic
what bones is the styloid process part of
temporal bone
what bone is the occipital condyles part of
maxilla
Cranial cavity is made up of 3 fossae
anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa
Largest foramen in posterior cranial fossa
foramen magnum
Name 2 structures that pass through foramen magnum
spinal cord
left and right vertebral arteries
Where are the ear ossicles found
petrous part of the temporal bone
5 layers of the SCALP
Skin Connective tissue (blood vessels present) Aponeurosis of the occipital muscle Loose connective tissue Periosteum / Pericranium
Nerve supply of the anterior part of the scalp
All 3 Branches of the trigeminal nerve
Nerve supply of the posterior half of the scalp
cutaneous branches of cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3
what is diploe
spongy bone - separating layers of compact bone
innervation of muscles of facial expression
cranial nerve VII - Facial nerve
Name the 3 salivary glands
Parotid (largest)
sublingual
submandibular
Parotid Gland (exocrine) where does it lie
long base of the gland overlies the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
extends superiorly to zygomatic arch
inferiorly extends to angle of mandible
apex of pyramid lies over the masseter
posteriorly extends anterior to external auditory meatus
Structures entering and leaving the gland
Facial nerve
external carotid artery
retromandibular vein
Innervation of the parotid gland
receives both sympathetic (originates from cervical ganglia) and parasympathetic innervation.
What bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face
mandible
what muscle on side of the face lies immediately posterior to the facial artery as it enters onto the face
buccinator
what gland does facial artery groove just before entering the face
submandibular
The neck can be described as having 4 compartments
Vertebral compartment
vascular compartment
visceral compartment
outer musculofascial collar
What structures pass through the foramen transversarium
vertebral arteries and venous sympathetic plexus
what is the vertebra prominens
7th vertebra - prominent spinous process
Boundaries of anterior triangle of the neck
superiorly - lower border of body of mandible
posteriorly - anterior margin of sternocleidomastoid
anteriorly - midline of neck from chin to jugular notch
Boundaries of posterior triangle of neck
anteriorly - posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
posteriorly - anterior border of trapezius
inferiorly - omohyoid muscle
Contents of the anterior triangle
submandibular
submental
carotid
contents of the posterior triangle
branches of posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
what are the attachments of sternocleidomastoid
manubrium and medial portion of clavicle
If the right sternocleidomastoid contracted what would happen
head tilt right
face turn left
trapezius muscle actions
elevates
depresses
rotates and retracts scapula
Which cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
XI - accessory
where is the arterial blood supply to the head and neck coming from
common carotid artery
runs in the anterior triangle of the neck within the carotid sheath
which artery is the CCA a branch of
right side - brachiocephalic trunks
left side - aorta
2 structures that occupy the carotid sheath
Internal Jugular Vein
vagus nerve
At what level does the CCA divide into ECA and ICA
C4
Which branch of CCA gives off branches in the neck
ECA
Which branch of CCA is most lateral in the neck
ICA
What are the 2 terminal branches of the ECA (given off within the face)
Maxillary and superficial temporal artery
IJV
internal jugular vein runs in the carotid sheath - arises from the jugular venous sinus (drains to brain). It emerges from jugular foramen.
EJV
external jugular vein is a superficial vein draining the scalp and face. Drains into the subclavian.
what muscles are attached to the hyoid bone
suprahyoid muscles
infra hyoid muscles
intrinsic muscles (muscles of tongue)
pharyngeal constrictor (muscle of pharynx)
Supra hyoid muscles
mylohyoid - mylohyid nerve
geniohyoid muscle - C1 - hypoglossal nerve
digastric - trigeminal and facial
stylohyoid muscle - facial nerve
Infra hyoid muscles
sternohyoid (C1 - C3)
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid (C1)
omohyoid (C1-C3)
ansa cervicalis
loop of nerves part of the cervical plexus
cervical plexus
C1-C4
phrenic nerve emerges and travels down through the thorax.
Thyroid gland
endocrine gland located at the front of the neck.
made up of left and right lobe and isthmus (anterior to 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings)
lies in the visceral compartment of thyroid gland
The roof of the nose (lined by olfactory mucosa) is formed from what anterior to posterior
the nasal bones, part of the frontal bone as well as the ethmoid bone (contains cribriform) and the body of the sphenoid bone.
The floor of the nasal cavity is formed from what
palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones which form the hard palate. extended posteriorly by the soft palate
what 2 bones form the nasal septum and what structure lies anterior to these and completes nasal septum
vomer
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Maxillary crest lies anterior.
The ethmoid bone:
cribriform plate (olfactory nerve bundles passing through)
the crust gali (attaches to fall cerebra)
the central plate
the superior and middle conchae
ethmoid air cells
what kind of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which lines most of the nasal cavity
ciliated pseudostartified columnar
what are the 3 projections on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
conchae
The space inferior to each concha is called
meatus
What is the name given to space above superior concha
sphenoethmoidal recess
What bone are the superior and middle conchae parts of
ethmoid bone
What opens into the spheno-ethmoid recess
sphenoid sinus
What opens into the superior meatus
posterior ethmoid air cells
what opens into the middle meatus
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
middle ethmoidal air cells
anterior ethmoidal air cells
which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx
underside of sphenoid and basal part of occipital bone
2 important structures that lie in the nasopharynx
A collection of lymphoid tissue - adenoid or nasopharyngeal tonsil
The orifice of eustachian tube lies on the side-wall
6 main parts of the mandible
Coronoid process head of mandible mandibular foramen angle of mandible mental foramen mental protuberance
Teeth in kids
Incisor - 8
canines - 4
molars - 18
Teeth in adults
incisor - 8
canines - 4
premolars - 8
molars - 12
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint
modified-hinge synovial
2 articular processes that form the TMJ
mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
condylar process of the mandible
what movements of the mandible occur at the TMJ
Elevation Depression Protrusion Retraction Side to side movements
Muscles of mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoids
Lateral pterygoid
Bony attachments of the temporalis muscle
Temporal fossa
Coronoid process of mandible
When the anterior fibres of the temporalis contract what happens to the mandible
elevation
When the posterior fibres of the temporalis contract what happens to the mandible
retrusion
Bony attachments of the masseter
mandibular body
outer surface of the rams and coronoid process of the mandible
What is the masseter’s action on the mandible
elevates it
Where do the pterygoid muscles attach to
lateral pterygoid plate
Elevation (close mouth) of the mandible happens due to what muscles
masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
Depression (open mouth) of the mandible happens due to what muscles
lateral pterygoid
supra hyoid
infrahyoid muscles
Protrusion (protrude chin) of the mandible happens due to what muscles
lateral pterygoid
masseter
medial pterygoid
Retraction (retrude chin) of the mandible happens due to what muscles
Temporalis
masseter
Side to side movements of the mandible happens due to what muscles
temporalis of same side
masseter
pterygoids of opposite side
The vestibule of the oral cavity refers to what
space between lips and teeth
Orbicularis oris does what
contractions causes closing/pursing of the lips
what is the name of the posterior opening of the oral cavity
oropharyngeal isthmus
innervation of the muscles of mastication
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - carries both sensory and motor fibres
what 2 bones form the hard palate
maxilla and sphenoid
muscles of the soft palate
levator veli palatini palatoglossus palatopharyngeous superior pharyngeal constrictor tensor veli palatine *tense and elevate soft palate
What is the nerve supply to the soft palate muscles
pharyngeal branch of vagus
Functions of the tongue
moving food during chewing
swallowing
mastication
articulation
What divides the tongue into anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3
V shaped sulcus called terminals
What is the embryological significance of the foramen caecum
thyroid gland is developed from this
3 types of papillae (surface projections) of the tongue
filiform (no taste buds)
fungiform
vallate papillae
sensory innervation of anterior 2/3 of tongue
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
taste from chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
sensory innervation of posterior 1/3 of tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve.
What are extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what do they do to the tongue
attach from the tongue to surrounding bones of soft palate - change the position of the tongue
What are intrinsic muscles of the tongue and what do they do to the tongue
originate and insert within the tongue - alters shape of the tongue
Genioglossus muscle attachment and action:
inner surface of the mandible close to the midline
protrudes tongue to opposite side
Hypoglossus muscle attachment and action:
upper border of body of mandible
depresses
Styloglossus muscle attachment and action:
stylohoid ligament
retracts
Palatoglossus muscle attachment and action:
soft palate
helps to narrow oropharynx in swallowing
Parotid salivary glands innervation
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Submandibular salivary gland innervation
Chorda tympani nerve - facial nerve
Sublingual salivary gland innervation
Chords tympani nerve - facial nerve
With which structure does the larynx continue with superiorly
oropharynx
what does the larynx continue with inferiorly
trachea
prominence of which cartilage makes the adams apple
laryngeal prominence - thyroid
which cartilage is a complete ring shaped cartilage
cricoid
What forms the laryngeal inlet
free curved edges of epiglottis
corniculit cartilages
arytenoid cartilage
interariteroid fold
Nerve supply to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus), except for the cricothyroid muscle.
Cricothyroid muscle nerve supply
superior laryngeal nerve (branch of the vagus)
What is the sensory nerve supply to the mucous membrane of the larynx
superior laryngeal nerve
Vocal cords during normal respiration are
abducted
vocal cords during rapid breathing are
fully abducted
vocal cords during speaking/singing are
adducted
What prevents the bolus from entering into the nasopharynx
uvula and soft palate
what prevents the bolus from entering the larynx
epiglottis
The pharynx has 3 layers what are they
1. Outer muscular layer: outer circular layer - formed by 3 constrictors - superior, middle, and inferior constrictor (arranged one inside the other) Inner longitudinal layer: stylopharyngess salpingopharyngeus palato pharyngeus 2. middle fibrous layer 3. inner mucous membrane
Branches of what 2 cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus
Vagus (provides most motor innervation) and Accessory (sensory to pharynx)
