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2nd year > GI anatomy > Flashcards

GI anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

name the 4 quadrants that the abdomen is split into

A

Right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower

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2
Q

The 2 imaginary lines that are used to divide the abdomen into 4 are

A 
transumbilical line (across the belly button)
median line (down the middle through belly button)
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3
Q

Name the 9 regions of the abdomen

A

Right hypochondriac - epigastric - Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar - umbilical - Left lumbar
Right iliac - hypogastric - Left iliac

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4
Q

Name the imaginary lines used to divide the abdomen into 9

A 
Right and left midclavicular planes (down each side)
transtubercular line (along the bottom below belly button)
subcostal line (along top above belly button)
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5
Q

External oblique muscle actions and innervation

A

compresses and supports abdominal viscera

innervated by intercostal nerves and subcostal

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6
Q

Internal oblique muscle actions and innervation

A

flex and rotate trunk

innervated by intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve

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7
Q

Transversus abdominis muscle actions and innervation

A

Compresses and supports abdominal viscera

innervation is first lumbar nerve

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8
Q

Rectus abdominus muscle actions and innervation

A

Flexes trunk and depresses the ribs.

innervated by intercostal nerves and subcostal nerves

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9
Q

What is the rectus sheath and what is it made up of

A

Aponeurosis - flat tendon

made up of aponeurosis of external and internal oblique

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10
Q

How does the sheath differ above and below the umbilicus

A

above - incomplete

below - complete

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11
Q

Which thoracic spinal segments enervate the anterior abdominal wall

A

T 7-11

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12
Q

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus and why is this a good surface land mark

A

L4 - bifurcation of the aorta

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13
Q

The inguinal ligament is attached to which 2 bony points of the hip bone

A

iliac spine and pubic tubercle

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14
Q

inguinal canal anterior wall

A

external oblique aponeurosis

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15
Q

inguinal canal posterior wall

A

transversals fascia

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16
Q

inguinal canal roof

A

transversals fascia

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17
Q

inguinal canal floor

A

inguinal ligament

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18
Q

deep inguinal ring lies

A

superiorly

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19
Q

superficial inguinal ring lies

A

inferiorly

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20
Q

branches of the superior and inferior epigastric vessels superiorly

A

interior thoracic artery

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21
Q

branches of the superior and inferior epigastric vessels inferiorly

A

exterior iliac artery

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22
Q

contents of male inguinal canal

A

spermatic cord
blood vessels
ilio-inguinal nerve

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23
Q

contents of female inguinal canal

A

vestigial round ligament of the uterus
blood vessels
ilio-inguinal nerve

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24
Q

4 distinct functional layers throughout the GI tract

A 
1. Mucosa - made up of 3 layers:
epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa 
2. submucosa 
3. muscular propria 
4. serosa (adventitia)
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25
Q

Protective mucosa is found where

A

oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, anal canal

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26
Q

secretory mucosa is found where

A

only in the stomach

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27
Q

absorptive mucosa is found where

A

typical of entire small intestine

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28
Q

absorptive/protective mucosa is found where

A

lines the whole of the large intestine

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29
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

transparent serous membrane that covers body walls and organs

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30
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of peritoneum

A

Visceral and Parietal

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31
Q

What else can the peritoneum form

A

folds, mesenteries and omen,ligaments - vascular or avascular.

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32
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity

A

Space of capillary thinness between parietal and visceral layers

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33
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of the peritoneal cavity (sacs)

A

Greater sac

Lesser sac

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34
Q

Through which passage do the lesser and greater sac communicate

A

omental (epiploic) foramen

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35
Q

Organs that are intraperitoneal are described as what

A

completely surrounding by visceral peritoneum

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36
Q

Organs that are retroperitoneal are described as what

A

only covered on their anterior surface and therefore firmly attached to the posterior wall

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37
Q

organs that are intraperiotneal

A

stomach and spleen

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38
Q

organs that are retroperitoneal

A

kidneys and liver

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39
Q

What is present in the peritoneal cavity

A

peritoneal fluid

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40
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

greater curvature of the stomach to transverse colon

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41
Q

What is the lesser omentum

A

lesser curvature of the stomach to liver

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42
Q

posterior abdominal wall muscles

A

illiacus muscle, posts major, quadratus lumborum

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43
Q

posterior abdominal wall organs/tubes

A

diaphragm, kidneys, ascending colon

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44
Q

posterior abdominal wall main vessels

A

IVC and abdominal aorta

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45
Q

posterior abdominal wall nerves

A

subcostal and lumbar plexus

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46
Q

3 major openings in the diaphragm

A

caval, oesophagus, aortic

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47
Q

at what vertebral level do these 3 openings occur

A

T8, T10 and T12

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48
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta which supplies blood to the gut tube within the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Celiac T12
superior mesenteric L1
inferior mesenteric L3

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49
Q

How is the IVC formed in the abdomen

A

by the union of the common iliac veins

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50
Q

Foregut structures

A

abdominal part of oesophagus and stomach

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51
Q

midgut structures

A

distal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, caecum

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52
Q

hindgut structures

A

descending colon and sigmoid colon

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53
Q

artery supplying the foregut

A

celiac

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54
Q

artery supplying the midgut

A

superior mesenteric

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55
Q

artery supplying the hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric

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56
Q

The portal vein is formed by the union of which 2 major veins

A

splenic and superior mesenteric

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57
Q

List the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis (communication between portal and systemic venous system) in the body

A
  1. in the distal oesophagus
  2. between rectal veins
  3. paraumbilical veins
  4. bare area of the liver
58
Q

Nerve supply to abdominal viscera: sympathetic

A

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
pre vertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexuses

59
Q

Nerve supply to abdominal viscera: parasympathetic

A

anterior and posterior vagal trunks (vagus nerve)

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,S3 and S4)

60
Q

How is GI secretion affected: parasympathetic:

A

increased

61
Q

How is GI secretion affected: sympathetic:

A

decreased

62
Q

how is Peristalsis or GI motility affected: parasympathetic:

A

stimulation

63
Q

how is Peristalsis or GI motility affected: sympathetic:

A

inhibitory

64
Q

what happens to Blood vessels: parasympathetic:

A

vasodilation

65
Q

what happens to Blood vessels: sympathetic:

A

vasoconstriction

66
Q

Where do the kidneys lie

A

on the posterior abdominal wall at the level of T12-13 vertebrae

67
Q

What are the 3 main structures entering or leaving the hilum of the kidney

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Pelvis of the ureter

68
Q

what is the anatomical location of the suprarenal gland, and what type of gland is it

A

between superomedial aspects of kidney and crura

endocrine

69
Q

What are ureters

A

muscular ducts carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

70
Q

ureter is constricted at 3 places, what are they?

A

at the junction of the ureters and renal pelvis
ureters cross the brim of the pelvic inlet
during passage through wall of urinary bladder

71
Q

The oesophagus has 3 constrictions - where are they

A

Cervical
thoracic
diaphragmatic

72
Q

At what vertebral level is the oesophageal opening

A

T10

73
Q

List the structures that go through the oesophageal opening

A

Oesophagus
vagus nerve
Branches of the left gastric artery

74
Q

Blood supply to the abdominal part of the oesophagus

A

branches of left gastric artery

75
Q

venous drainage of the abdominal part of oesophagus

A

Left gastric vein to the portal venous system

76
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the abdominal part of oesophagus

A

Left gastric lymph nodes to the celiac lymph nodes

77
Q

where is the cardinal notch located

A

between the oesophagus and fundus

78
Q

What are the 2 orifices of the stomach

A

cardinal

pyloric

79
Q

what are the 2 curvatures of the stomach

A

Greater

Lesser

80
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the stomach

A

anterior

posterior

81
Q

What is pyloric sphincter

A

band of smooth muscle between pylorus and duodenum

82
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter

A

acts as valve to control flow of partially digested food from stomach to small intestine

83
Q

Lesser omentum extends from where to where

A

Extends from lesser curvature to liver

84
Q

Greater omentum extends from where to where

A

extends from greater curvature to spleen

85
Q

what are the gastric rugae formed from

A

series of ridges from folding of stomach wall

86
Q

in what portions of the stomach are rugae most apparent

A

pyloric part and along the greater curvature

87
Q

Which sphincter controls the discharge of food from the stomach to the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

88
Q

Stomach lies on several structures in abdominal cavity - what are they

A 
left dome of diaphragm 
left kidney and suprarenal gland
spleen
pancreas
transverse mesoderm 
colon
splenic artery 
all form the stomach bed
89
Q

What nerve is key in controlling gastric motility

A

vagus

90
Q

What is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on

  1. the pylorus
  2. gastric secretion
A
  1. increases the opening

2. incarnation secretion

91
Q

Where does the small intestine extends to

A

extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the ileoecal junction

92
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

93
Q

Which part of the small intestine receives the opening of the bile and pancreatic duct

A

descending (second) part

94
Q

where is the foregut/midgut boundary in the small intestine

A

where bile duct enters duodenum

95
Q

How is the 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum peritonised

A
  1. Retroperitoneal
  2. Intraperitoneal
  3. Intraperitoneal
96
Q

Which part of the small intestine is the shortest, widest and most fixed part

A

Duodenum

97
Q

Distinguishing factors of jejunum and ileum in life:

colour, wall, vascularity, vasa recta, arcades, fat in mesentery, circular folds:

A

Jejunum - Deeper red, thick and heavy, greater, long, a few large loops, less, large tall and closely packed.
Ileum - Paler pink, thin and light, Less, short, many short loops, more, low and sparse absent in distal part

98
Q

Distinguishing features of the large intestine

A

Tenia coli
Omental appendices
Haustra

99
Q

How is the large intestine peritonised:

A 
Caecum: intraperitoneal
Ascending colon: retroperitoneal 
Transverse colon: intraperitoneal
Descending colon: retroperitoneal 
Sigmoid colon: retroperitoneal
100
Q

Where does the rectum pierce the pelvic floor and what does it become

A

Pierces at the and-rectal junction and becomes the anal canal which is located in the perineum

101
Q

What is the role of the pelvic floor in maintaining faecal incontinence

A

the muscles support rectum and urinary bladder

* rectum and urinary bladder also involved in maintaining faecal incontenence

102
Q

Visceral and somatic innervation of the anal canal differences

A 
somatic = sensitive to pain, touch and temp - control voluntary external anal sphincter
visceral = only sensitive to stretching
103
Q

The hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments are parts of what

A

Lesser omentum

104
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

Round ligament of the liver

105
Q

How many layers of peritoneum are present in the greater omentum

A

4 - double folded on itself

106
Q

What function of the greater omentum makes it be called the abdominal policeman

A

fights intra-abdominal infection

107
Q

what are paracolic gutters

A

spaces between colon and abdominal wall

108
Q

List 3 abdominal viscera which lie in the free edge of a double layer of peritoneum described as the mesentery

A

Stomach
Spleen
Transverse colon

109
Q

oesophagus - what type of muscle is the muscularis externa

A

skeletal

110
Q

oesophagus - what type of muscle is the muscularis mucosae

A

smooth

111
Q

oesophagus - what kind of epithelium is the surface epithelium

A

stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

112
Q

what secretory cells are present in the gastric pits

A

mucus secreting, chief cells

113
Q

Small intestine - what are the large folds extending into lumen called

A

pilae circularis

114
Q

What kind of epithelium in small intestine

A

simple columnar

115
Q

what do goblet cells do

A

secrete mucus

116
Q

what type of cells are present in the surface epithelium

A

microvilli

117
Q

where are payer’s patches located

A

within mucosa

118
Q

Where is the transpyloric plane

A

approx L1 vertebral body - imaginary horizontal plane

119
Q

What structures are present at transpyloric plane?

A

Neck of pancreas
Second part of duodenum
Pylorus of stomach
hilum of kidneys

120
Q

What is one of the spleens main function

A

acts as a filter for blood and plays important role in the immune responses of the body

121
Q

How is the spleen peritonised

A

intraperitoneal (except at hilum)

122
Q

Name the structures in the hilum at the spleen

A

Splenic artery
splenic vein
lymphatics

123
Q

the tail of which organ is closely related to hilum of spleen

A

pancreas

124
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

storage of RBC’s
storage of WBC
storage of platelets
phagocytosis

125
Q

Pancreas - exocrine or endocrine

A

partly exocrine - secrets the digestive pancreatic juice

partly endocrine - secretes hormones

126
Q

Which vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas

A

superior mesenteric vein

127
Q

round ligament of the liver is the remnant of which embryological structure

A

umbilical vein

128
Q

What is the bare area of the liver bare of

A

peritoneum

129
Q

3 structures present in the porta hepatis

A

hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
hepatic duct

130
Q

The extra hepatic biliary apparatus consists of what

A 
Right and Left hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct 
Gall bladder
Cystic duct 
Common bile duct
131
Q

Where is bile produced

A

Liver

132
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Gall bladder

133
Q

where does bile enter the gut tube

A

cystic and bile ducts – duodenum

134
Q

What is the function of bile

A

contains bile acids - critical for digestion, absorption of fats, and fat soluble vitamins

135
Q

Main histological features of pancreas

A

islets of langerhans composed of clumps of small poorly stained cells
pure serous acini composed of large strongly stained cells
small lobules surrounded by connective tissue septa

136
Q

Main histological features of liver:

A

cells are arranged in sheets and converging towards the centre
at the corner of the lobule connective tissue encloses tissue encloses 2-3 portal areas which contain blood vessels and ducts.

137
Q

Spleen - what is the main content of White Pulp

A

lymphoid aggregation

138
Q

Spleen - what is the main content of Red Pulp

A

vascular anastomosing cords of cells

139
Q

Which costal cartilage is the surface marking of the gall bladder

A

7th left costal cartilage

140
Q

Do the liver and spleen move with respiration

A

yes

141
Q

Which ribs are related to the spleen

A

Left 9th - 11th

142
Q

Which abdominal plane crosses the pancreas

A

transpyloric

2nd year (27 decks)

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