HCAI and antibiotic resistance Flashcards
Name the common types of HCAI
Catheter associated UTIs, ventilator associated pneumonia, surgical site infections, central line infections
What types of bacteria commonly cause these?
MRSA, methicillin sensitive staph aureus, c.diff, gram negative bacteria
How are they transmitted?
Contaminated equipment/food/environment/healthcare workers/patients/visitors
Invasive procedure /device
Inappropriate abx use
Poor infection control practice
Infection caused by resistant organism from previous treatment
Interference that enables colonisers to cause infection
Who is at risk?
Extremes of age, those with reduced immunity, post-surgery, long stays, multiple procedures, those on broad spectrum antibiotics, those with invasive devices/broken skin/pressure sores
How does the UK control for HCAI?
Surveillance - monitor for key infections and new infections
Infection prevention and control - training, audits
Policy and regulation - holds people accountable
Education and training for healthcare professionals
What are the causes of antimicrobial resistance?
Mutations, inappropriate abx use, few abx drugs in development, acquired resistance, increased meat consumption, human and animal health sectors
How is MRSA transmitted?
Mainly by direct contact but also fomites, equipment etc.
Can be carried on peoples skin/in nose
Who is at risk of MRSA infection?
Newborns, elderly, IVDU, surgical patients
How is MRSA prevented?
Good hygiene, good abx use, surveillance, screen admissions, decolonisation of hospitals
How would you handle an outbreak of MRSA?
Investigate outbreaks, screen staff, review infection control, restrict admissions, minimise patient/staff movement, limit visitors, ward closure
How is c.diff transmitted?
Faecal-oral route
Who gets c.diff infections?
Extremes of age, those on broad spectrum abx
How are c.diff outbreaks managed?
Soap and water hand washing, control abx usage, infection control, surveillance and case finding, isolate patients with diarrhoea, treat and test stool
Who gets carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriase?
Those with compromised immunity or concurrent medical conditions
How do you manage carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriase infections?
Test and sample, isolation of high risk groups, contact tracing, very high standard of hygiene, re-testing
Patient will always be positive for CPE as there are no other abx available
